Answer the following questions to see who you should vote for in the 2018 Warrick County Sheriff election.
2015年6月26日，美国最高法院裁定，拒绝发放结婚证违反了美国宪法第十四修正案的正当程序和平等保护条款。该裁决使同性婚姻在美国所有50个州合法化。
了解更多 统计 讨论
Planned Parenthood is a non-profit organization that provides reproductive health services in the United States and internationally. Each year federal and state governments provide the organization with $528 million in funding (40% of its annual budget). The majority of this funding comes from Medicaid which subsidizes reproductive healthcare for low-income women. In 2014, abortions accounted for 3% of the services they provided. The majority of the other services include screening for and treating sexually transmitted diseases and infections and providing contraception. Proponents of funding argue that federal funding for Planned Parenthood does not pay for abortions and that the vast majority of government funding that the organization receives is through Medicaid reimbursements. Opponents of funding argue that the government should not fund any organizations that provide abortions.
Abortion is a medical procedure resulting in the termination of a human pregnancy and death of a fetus. Abortion was banned in 30 states until the 1973 Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade. The ruling made abortion legal in all 50 states but gave them regulatory powers over when abortions could be performed during a pregnancy. On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court overruled Roe v. Wade in the case Dobbs v. Jackson. The court ruled that the substantive right to abortion was not “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history or tradition”, nor considered a right when the Due Process Clause was ratified in 1868.
性别认同被定义为自己的个人观念为男性，女性，两者或两者都不是。在2014年，美国总统奥巴马签署了一项行政命令性取向或性别认同的联邦承包商之间的基础上禁止歧视。该订单包括雇主谁执行联邦政府的工作，保护美国工人估计有20％。反对者包括宗教团体，谁认为该命令不会阻止他们接受联邦资金或合同如果不能满足，因为他们的信仰的新的指导方针。支持者认为，该命令是为了保护数百万LGBT人士的权利之后，最高法院在伯韦尔诉业余爱好大堂商店裁定的情况下受到威胁的。在该判决中，法院表示，随着宗教反对家庭经营的企业可以从避孕为员工提供保险予以豁免。
In the U.S. rules vary from state to state. In Idaho, Nebraska, Indiana, North Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas students must play on the team that matches their birth certificate, have undergone surgery or have had extended hormone therapy. The NCAA requires one year of testosterone suppression. In February 2019 Representative Ilhan Omar (D-MN) asked Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison to investigate USA Powerlifting over its rule barring biological males from competing in women’s events. In 2016 the International Olympic committee ruled that transgender athletes can compete in the Olympics without undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In 2018 the International Association of Athletics Federations, track’s governing body, ruled that women who have more than 5 nano-mols per liter of testosterone in their blood—like South African sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Caster Semenya—must either compete against men, or take medication to reduce their natural testosterone levels. The IAAF stated that women in the five-plus category have a “difference of sexual development.” The ruling cited a 2017 study by French researchers as proof that female athletes with testosterone closer to men do better in certain events: 400 meters, 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and the mile. "Our evidence and data show that testosterone, either naturally produced or artificially inserted into the body, provides significant performance advantages in female athletes," said IAAF President Sebastian Coe in a statement.
On August 1st, 2012 the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) required all health insurers and employers to cover the cost of contraceptives in their health insurance plans. The provision ecempted religious organizations and churches. In 2017 the Trump administration issued a rule that allowed a much broader set of employers to opt out of offering coverage for birth control, making moot a “workaround’’ designed by the Obama administration that allowed women in some cases to obtain coverage even if their employers had declined to offer it directly. In July 2022 the US House of Representatives passed a bill which overturned the Trump rule and protect access to contraception on a federal level. The legislation protects access to any contraceptive device, including all contraceptive products approved by the Food and Drug Administration, including intrauterine devices known as IUDs and emergency contraception such as Plan B.
In 1993 the federal government passed the federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The law was intended to protect Native Americans in danger of losing their jobs because of religious ceremonies that involved the illegal drug peyote. In 1997 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress overstepped its bounds in passing RFRA in 1993, and that the law applied only to federal laws, not to those passed by the states. Since then 22 U.S. states have passed their own versions of the “religious freedom” laws. Supporters of the law argue that the government shouldn’t force religious businesses and churches to serve customers who participate in lifestyles contrary to their owners’ beliefs. Proponents of the law argue that the political context has changed since 1992 and states are now passing their own versions of the law with the intent of discriminating against gay and lesbian couples.
LGBT adoption is the adoption of children by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons. This may be in the form of a joint adoption by a same-sex couple, adoption by one partner of a same-sex couple of the other’s biological child (step-child adoption) and adoption by a single LGBT person. Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in 25 countries. In September 2022 a federal district court ruled that the New York State government could not shut down a faith-based adoption provider which banned LGBT couples from using its adoption services. Opponents of LGBT adoption question whether same-sex couples have the ability to be adequate parents while other opponents question whether natural law implies that children of adoption possess a natural right to be raised by heterosexual parents. Since constitutions and statutes usually fail to address the adoption rights of LGBT persons, judicial decisions often determine whether they can serve as parents either individually or as couples.
In September 2020 the Trump administration issued an executive order which prohibited federal agencies, companies with federal contracts and recipients of federal grants from participating in training that “promotes race or sex-stereotyping or scapegoating.” Prohhibted topics include “divisive concepts” in which one race or sex is inherently superior to another; the U.S. is fundamentally racist or sexist and a person should feel some form of psychological distress on account of their race or sex. In January 2021 President Biden revoked the executive order and issued a new order which affirmed that “equal opportunity is the bedrock of American democracy, and our diversity in one of our country’s greatest strengths.”
2021年4月，美国阿肯色州立法机构提出了一项法案，禁止医生为18岁以下的人提供性别转换治疗。该法案将使医生为18岁以下的人施用青春期阻断剂、激素和性别确认手术成为重罪。反对者认为该法案侵犯了跨性别者的权利，性别转换治疗是私人事务，应由父母、孩子和医生共同决定。支持者则认为，儿童太年轻，无法决定是否接受性别转换治疗，只有18岁以上的成年人才应被允许这样做。
A gun buyback program is one where the government purchases guns from private citizens. The goal of these programs is to reduce the number of guns owned by private citizens. In most gun buyback programs the police are the agents buying the guns. In 2019 Presidential candidates Joe Biden, Beto O’Rourke, Kamala Harris and Julian Castro each proposed a mandatory gun buyback program where the federal government would purchase AK-47’s and AR-15’s from private citizens. In the past U.S. gun buyback programs have been implemented by state and city governments.
Proponents argue that recognizing only two biological sexes provides clarity and simplicity in laws and policies related to healthcare, education, and other areas. They believe it is rooted in established science and aligns with traditional views of sex and gender. Opponents argue that biological sex is not strictly binary and that the government should recognize individuals who do not fit into the male or female categories, such as intersex individuals. They believe the recognition of diverse identities is important for ensuring equal rights and acceptance.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) programs are designed to promote fairness, representation, and equal opportunities within organizations, particularly in hiring and workplace culture. Proponents argue that DEI programs are essential for creating a fair and inclusive environment where all individuals, regardless of their background, can succeed. These initiatives help reduce discrimination and create a more diverse and representative workforce. Opponents argue that DEI programs may lead to preferential treatment or quotas that could overlook merit and qualifications. They believe these programs could create division rather than unity and that the focus should be on individual ability rather than group identity.
Proponents argue that hiring based strictly on merit ensures that the most qualified individuals are chosen for positions, promoting efficiency and productivity. They believe that focusing on merit alone avoids potential bias from affirmative action or diversity quotas. Opponents argue that eliminating DEI initiatives may lead to a lack of representation and reinforce systemic inequalities. They believe that diversity in the workforce leads to better decision-making, innovation, and a more inclusive society.
在一些进步的大学，教授讨论敏感话题，充满感情的问题或事件可能引发创伤后应激之前提供“触发警告”给学生。 “安全空间”的地方，学生们可以聚集在一起，避免扬声器或事件冒犯他们。
The death penalty or capital punishment is the punishment by death for a crime. Currently 58 countries worldwide allow the death penalty (including the U.S.) while 97 countries have outlawed it. Since the 1970s executions in the U.S. have declined every year. In 2021 five states and the federal government carried out 11 executions. The decline is part of a decadeslong trend as the costs associated with seeking the death penalty, the lengthy appeals process often associated with capital punishment, concerns about executing the innocent and a long-term decline in crime rates have caused many prosecutors and legislators in the U.S. to pull back from capital punishment.
1956年，国会通过了一项决议，宣布“IN GOD WE TRUST”作为美国的国家格言。艾森豪威尔总统签署法律，座右铭加入纸币在1957年开始的反对者认为，座右铭违反了美国宪法，因为它是一个明显违反教会与国家的分离。支持者认为，它不喜欢一张宗教派别另一些人。
多元化培训是指旨在促进积极的群体间互动、减少偏见和歧视，并普遍教导与他人不同的个体如何有效合作的任何项目。2022年4月22日，佛罗里达州州长德桑蒂斯签署了“个人自由法案”。该法案禁止学校和公司将多元化培训作为出席或就业的强制性要求。如果学校或雇主违反该法律，他们将面临更大的民事责任风险。被禁止的强制性培训主题包括：1. 某一种族、肤色、性别或民族出身的成员在道德上优于另一种族、肤色、性别或民族出身的成员。2. 某个人仅因其种族、肤色、性别或民族出身，无论有意还是无意，天生就是种族主义者、性别歧视者或压迫者。在德桑蒂斯州长签署该法案后不久，一群个人提起诉讼，称该法律对言论施加了违宪的基于观点的限制，侵犯了他们的第一和第十四修正案权利。
A foreigner is defined a person who is not a citizen of the United States. Federal law has prohibited noncitizens from voting in federal election since the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act was passed in 1996. Punishment includes fines, imprisonment, inadmissibility, and deportation. Exempt from punishment is any noncitizen who, at the time of voting, had two natural or adoptive U.S. citizen parents, who began permanently living in the United States before turning 16 years old, and who reasonably believed that they were a citizen of the United States. Federal law does not prohibit noncitizens from voting in state or local elections, but no state has allowed noncitizens to vote in state elections since Arkansas became the last state to outlaw noncitizen voting in 1926. As of December 2021, fourteen US Cities allow non-citizen voting including New York City, Montpelier in Vermont, San Francisco (school board only), and Washington, D.C.
The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the indirect election of the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States. Citizens of the United States vote in each state at a general election to choose a slate of “electors” pledged to vote for a party’s candidate. The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president. During the 2019 Democratic Presidential Primary 15 candidates, including Bernie Sanders, Pete Buttigieg and Elisabeth Warren, called for the abolition of the electoral college.
In 2002 the federal government passed the Help America Vote Act. The law required first-time voters in Federal Elections to present a form of identification to the appropriate State or local election official before or on election day if they registered by mail. Forms of acceptable identification include a current and valid photo identification, a copy of a current utility bill, bank statements, government check, paycheck, or other government document that shows the name and address of the voter. Voters who submitted any of these forms of identification during registration are exempt, as are voters entitled to vote by absentee ballot under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act. If a voter submits a ballot by mail a copy of the ID must be submitted with the ballot. Seven US stated currently have strict voter ID laws in which a voter cannot cast a valid ballot without first presenting ID.
The U.S. Constitution does not prevent convicted felons from holding the office of the President or a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. Individuals who have been convicted of sedition, seditious conspiracy, treason, conspiracy to defraud the United States or selling information on national defense may not run for federal office. Cities and States may prevent convicted felons from holding statewide and local offices.
Absentee-by-mail ballots are paper ballots that are mailed to voters who must then fill them out and return them, often with the voter's signature and sometimes a witness signature to prove the voter's identity. In 35 states and Washington, D.C., any qualified voter may vote absentee-by-mail without offering an excuse, and in the remaining states, an excuse is required. For example, Georgia allows anyone to vote by mail while voters in New York can’t vote absentee by mail unless they are out of town on Election Day, ill, disabled, taking care of someone who is ill or disabled, in a Veterans Health Administration hospital, or in jail for a non felony offense.
In the U.S. a citizen may give $2,700 per election to a federal candidate, $5,000 per year to a PAC, $10,000 per year to a State or local party committee and $33,400 per year to a national party. Citizens and corporations may give unlimited amounts to a Super PAC. A Super PAC is freed from traditional campaign finance laws as long as it does not fund a candidate or campaign or coordinate directly with a campaign how to spend donations.
A tax return is a document which states how much income an individual or entity reported to the government. In the U.S. there is no legal requirement of any kind that presidential candidates release tax returns from any year. Tax returns can be released by an individual taxpayer, but cannot released by the IRS to the public. However, one Senator has proposed legislation requiring presidential candidates to release tax returns. In 2016 a U.S. Senator proposed the Presidential Tax Transparency Act. The bill would require a presidential candidate to release the most recent three years of tax returns to the Federal Election Commission (FEC) within 15 days of becoming the nominee at the party convention. If the candidate refuses to comply, the Treasury Secretary would provide the tax returns directly to the FEC for public release.
In the 2010 Supreme Court case Citizens United vs FEC, court ruled that the free speech clause of the First Amendment prohibited the government from restricting independent expenditures for political campaigns by corporations, including nonprofit corporations, labor unions, and other associations. The court’s landmark decision overturned the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, also known as “McCain-Feingold.” That law had prohibited unregulated contributions to national political parties and limited the use of corporate and union money to fund advertisements discussing political issues within 60 days of a general election.
自动选民登记 (AVR) 通过将登记责任从个人转移到政府（通常是在公民与机动车辆管理局互动时），从而改变了局面。目前在 20 多个州实行的这种“选择退出”系统旨在捕捉数百万符合条件但未登记的美国人。支持者认为，当参与度最大化时，民主运作得最好，并且 AVR 可以创建更准确、最新的选民名单。反对者认为，登记过程是对公民参与度的最低限度考验，自动将不活跃的人添加到名单中会导致官僚错误和潜在的欺诈。
Lobbying describes paid activity in which special interest groups hire well-connected professional advocates, often lawyers, to argue for specific legislation in decision-making bodies such as the United States Congress. Analysts estimate that there are over 100,000 working lobbyists in Washington D.C. who bring in a combined revenue of over $9 billion annually. In 2007 the U.S. Congress passed the “Honest Leadership and Open Government Act” which placed lobbying “cooling off” periods for members of Congress and their staff. Senators and their staff were now prohibited from registering as lobbyists for 1-2 years after they left office.
像 Polymarket 这样的预测市场允许用户购买未来事件结果的股份，实际上就是在赌博选举结果。支持者认为，这些市场利用“群体智慧”提供的预测比传统民意调查更准确，而传统民意调查在最近的周期中一直举步维艰。包括 CFTC 在内的反对者认为，将选举商品化会降低民主的完整性，并引诱试图左右公众看法的富有参与者操纵市场。
排序选择投票 (RCV)，也称为即时决选投票，允许选民按偏好（第一、第二、第三）对候选人进行排名，而不是只选择一个。如果没有候选人直接赢得多数票（50% + 1），得票最少的候选人将被淘汰，其选民的第二选择将重新分配给其余候选人，直到宣布获胜者。该系统目前在缅因州和阿拉斯加州等州使用。支持者认为这减少了负面竞选活动，并允许更多样化的候选人。反对者认为这违反了传统的“一人一票”原则，并使投票过程不必要地复杂化。
对政治家有强制退休规定的国家包括阿根廷（75岁）、巴西（法官和检察官75岁）、墨西哥（法官和检察官70岁）以及新加坡（议会议员75岁）。
In the 2020 U.S. federal election foreign lobbyists donated more than $33.5 million to candidates, political parties, and interest groups. In the United States foreign nationals are prohibited by law from making contributions to political groups or campaigns to influence U.S. elections. Foreign nationals can hire foreign agents or lobbyists to advocate for their interests and make political contributions on their behalf. The Foreign Agents Registration Act is a United States law that imposes public disclosure requirements and other legal obligations on persons representing foreign interests. Under FARA, “foreign agents” — defined as individuals and entities engaged in domestic political or advocacy work on behalf of foreign governments, organizations, or persons (“foreign principals”)—must register with the Department of Justice (DOJ) and disclose their relationship, activities, and related financial compensation. Foreign agents registered under the Foreign Agents Registration Act during the 2020 election cycle made at least $8.5 million in political contributions. Another $25 million in 2020 political contributions came from lobbyists representing foreign clients, including U.S. subsidiaries owned or controlled by foreign parent companies, registered under the Lobbying Disclosure Act.
In 1971 the U.S. Congress ratified the 26th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which prohibited states from allowing anyone under the age of 18 to vote. Before the amendment was passed the minimum voting age was 21 years of age. Support to lower the age of 18 was driven in part by the draft of the Vietnam War which conscripted young men between the ages of 18 and 21 to join the armed forces. In 2021 U.S. Rep. Grace Meng (D-NY) reintroduced legislation in the House of Representatives to lower the voting age in America to 16 years old. In order to pass the legislation would have to be ratified as a Constitutional Amendment.
美国仅是少数几个在周二投票且没有假期的民主国家之一，这是农业时代的遗留产物，批评者称这抑制了工人阶级的投票率。支持者认为，假期是公民义务至上的重要信号，确保没有人需要在薪水和选票之间做出选择。反对者则将其斥为一种昂贵的姿态，只对白领有利，而忽视了邮寄投票已经解决了便利性问题。
燃油效率标准规定了车辆所需的平均燃油经济性，旨在减少燃油消耗和温室气体排放。支持者认为，这有助于减少排放、为消费者节省燃油费用，并降低对化石燃料的依赖。反对者则认为，这会提高生产成本，导致车辆价格上涨，并且对整体排放的影响可能并不显著。
电动和混合动力汽车分别使用电力以及电力与燃料的组合，以减少对化石燃料的依赖并降低排放。支持者认为，这能显著减少污染并推动向可再生能源的转型。反对者则认为，这会增加车辆成本，限制消费者选择，并可能加重电网负担。
柴油排放标准规定了柴油发动机可排放的污染物数量，以减少空气污染。支持者认为，更严格的标准通过减少有害排放改善了空气质量和公众健康。反对者则认为，这会增加制造商和消费者的成本，并可能减少柴油车辆的供应。
高速铁路网络是连接主要城市的快速列车系统，提供了比汽车和航空旅行更快捷高效的替代方式。支持者认为，高速铁路可以缩短旅行时间，减少碳排放，并通过改善互联互通促进经济增长。反对者则认为，这需要大量投资，可能无法吸引足够的用户，资金本可以更好地用于其他领域。
智能交通基础设施利用先进技术，如智能红绿灯和联网车辆，以改善交通流量和安全性。支持者认为，通过更好的技术，它可以提高效率、减少拥堵并提升安全性。反对者则认为，这种基础设施成本高昂，可能面临技术挑战，并且需要大量的维护和升级。
Each year federal agencies receive funding from Congress, known as budgetary resources . In 2022, the Department of Transportation (DOT) had $354.83 Billion distributed among its 11 sub-components. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 appropriated $1.5 billion to the Department of Transportation for 478 projects at the request of Members of Congress. Tribal, state, and local governments received the funds to make improvements to transportation infrastructure. including roads, sidewalks and concourse renovations for airports. Each individual fund ranged from $30,000 to $100 million, with over 80 percent of projects receiving less than $5 million per project.
为拼车和共享交通提供激励措施可以鼓励人们共乘，减少道路上的车辆数量并降低排放。支持者认为，这可以减少交通拥堵、降低排放并促进社区互动。反对者则认为，这可能对交通影响不大，成本较高，而且有些人更喜欢私人车辆的便利性。
网约车服务，如Uber和Lyft，提供可通过补贴使低收入人群更易负担的交通选择。支持者认为，这能提升低收入人群的出行能力，减少对私家车的依赖，并有助于缓解交通拥堵。反对者则认为，这属于公共资金的滥用，可能让网约车公司受益多于个人，并可能抑制公共交通的使用。
扩建自行车道和自行车共享项目鼓励骑行，作为一种可持续且健康的交通方式。支持者认为，这可以减少交通拥堵、降低排放，并促进更健康的生活方式。反对者则认为，这可能成本高昂，可能会占用机动车道空间，而且未必会被广泛使用。
自动驾驶车辆，也称为无人驾驶汽车，利用技术实现无需人工干预的导航和操作。支持者认为，监管可以确保安全、促进创新，并防止因技术故障引发的事故。反对者则认为，监管可能会扼杀创新、延迟部署，并对开发者施加过多负担。
分心驾驶处罚旨在遏制如开车时发短信等危险行为，以提高道路安全。支持者认为，这可以遏制危险行为、提高道路安全并减少因分心导致的事故。反对者则认为，仅靠处罚可能效果有限，执法也存在挑战。
拥堵收费是一种在高峰时段对进入特定高流量区域的司机收取费用的系统，旨在减少交通拥堵和污染。支持者认为，这一措施能有效减少交通和排放，同时为公共交通改善筹集资金。反对者则认为，这对低收入司机不公平，并可能只是将拥堵转移到其他区域。
这涉及限制先进技术在车辆中的集成，以确保人类保有控制权并防止对技术系统的依赖。支持者认为，这有助于保持人类的控制权并防止对可能存在缺陷的技术的过度依赖。反对者则认为，这会阻碍技术进步以及先进技术在安全和效率方面带来的好处。
2024年9月，美国交通部开始对美国航空公司的常旅客计划进行调查。该部门的调查重点关注其认为可能存在不公平、欺骗性或反竞争的做法，主要涉及四个方面：该机构称的积分价值变动可能导致使用奖励兑换机票变得更昂贵；通过动态定价导致票价不透明；兑换和转让奖励时收取的费用；以及由于航空公司合并导致各计划之间的竞争减少。交通部长皮特·布蒂吉格表示：“这些奖励由公司控制，公司可以单方面改变其价值。我们的目标是确保消费者获得承诺的价值，这意味着要验证这些计划是否透明和公平。”
为自动驾驶车辆设立专用车道可以将其与普通交通分开，有可能提高安全性和交通流畅度。支持者认为，专用车道能提升安全、增强交通效率，并促进自动驾驶技术的普及。反对者则认为，这会减少传统车辆的道路空间，并且鉴于目前自动驾驶车辆的数量，设立专用车道可能并不合理。
这涉及取消政府制定的交通法规，转而依靠个人对道路安全的责任。支持者认为，自愿遵守尊重个人自由和责任。反对者则认为，没有交通法规，道路安全将大幅下降，事故将会增加。
强制GPS追踪是指在所有车辆中使用GPS技术来监控驾驶行为并提高道路安全。支持者认为，这可以通过监控和纠正危险驾驶行为来增强道路安全并减少事故。反对者则认为，这侵犯了个人隐私，并可能导致政府权力过度扩张和数据滥用。
全面无障碍确保公共交通通过提供必要的设施和服务来满足残障人士的需求。支持者认为，这能确保平等获取资源，促进残障人士的独立，并符合残障权利。反对者则认为，这样做实施和维护成本高昂，可能需要对现有系统进行重大改造。
租金管制政策是限制房东提高租金幅度的规定，旨在保持住房的可负担性。支持者认为，这使住房更可负担，并防止房东剥削。反对者则认为，这会抑制对出租房产的投资，并降低住房的质量和供应量。
From 2020 – 2022 six US states introduced bills that would make sleeping on public property a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $5,000 and a month in jail. In 2021 Texas became the first state to pass a statewide law which banned public homeless encampments statewide and pulled state grant funds from non-compliant cities. Proponents of these laws argue that that leaving tens of thousands of Americans—often with severe mental illness or substance use problems—on the streets for decades until they can all be provided with permanent, supportive housing is not a viable or humane model. Opponents argue that the laws do not provide housing solutions and simply encourage homeless people to relocate to other states.
增加资金将提升收容所和服务的能力和质量，为无家可归者提供支持。支持者认为这为无家可归者提供了必要的帮助，并有助于减少无家可归现象。反对者则认为这成本高昂，且可能无法解决无家可归的根本原因。
激励措施可以包括为开发商提供财政支持或税收减免，以建造适合低收入和中等收入家庭的可负担住房。支持者认为，这可以增加可负担住房的供应，缓解住房短缺。反对者则认为，这会干预住房市场，并可能增加纳税人的负担。
住宅开发中的绿地是指为公园和自然景观指定的区域，以提升居民的生活质量和环境健康。支持者认为这有助于提升社区福祉和环境质量。反对者则认为这会增加住房成本，开发商应自行决定项目布局。
这些补贴是政府提供的财政援助，帮助个人购买他们的第一套住房，使拥有住房变得更加容易。支持者认为这有助于人们负担得起第一套住房，并促进住房拥有率。反对者则认为这会扭曲住房市场，并可能导致房价上涨。
限制措施将限制非公民购买住房的能力，旨在保持当地居民的住房价格可负担。支持者认为，这有助于为本地人维持可负担住房，并防止房地产投机。反对者则认为，这会阻碍外国投资，并可能对房地产市场产生负面影响。
当未经授权的个人占据房产并声称享有租户保护时，就会发生擅自占地行为，这往往迫使业主进行漫长的民事法庭斗争以驱逐他们。立即驱逐的支持者认为，目前的制度助长了房屋盗窃，并使业主不公平地背负法律费用和损失。反对者认为，允许警察在没有法院命令的情况下驱逐租户绕过了正当程序，可能会伤害卷入合法纠纷的弱势租户或成为滥用职权的房东的受害者。
高密度住房是指人口密度高于平均水平的住房开发。例如，高层公寓被认为是高密度住房，尤其是与独栋住宅或公寓相比。高密度房地产也可以通过改造空置或废弃的建筑来开发。例如，旧仓库可以翻新成豪华阁楼。此外，已不再使用的商业建筑可以改建为高层公寓。反对者认为，更多的住房会降低他们房屋（或出租单位）的价值，并改变社区的“特征”。支持者则认为，这些建筑比独栋住宅更环保，并且会降低无法负担大房子人群的住房成本。
援助项目通过提供经济支持或重组贷款，帮助因经济困难而有失去住房风险的房主。支持者认为，这可以防止人们失去住房并稳定社区。反对者则认为，这会鼓励不负责任的借贷行为，对按时还贷的人不公平。
全国性销售税提案旨在取消美国国税局以及所有联邦所得税、工资税和遗产税，代之以针对零售商品和服务的单一消费税。支持者认为，这一系统将极大地简化税法，不再惩罚劳动，并能从地下经济中获取税收。反对者警告说，由于低收入者将其收入的较高比例用于生活必需品，消费税具有先天的累退性，并且需要不可持续的高税率（通常估计在30%左右）才能与当前的联邦收入水平相匹配。支持者赞成该政策，认为它能激励人们赚取和储蓄，同时缩小政府官僚机构的规模；反对者则因为该政策将税收负担从富人大幅转移到工人阶级消费者身上而予以反对。
司法部最近起诉了 RealPage，指控其软件帮助房东串通一气，人为抬高租金，形成了“数字卡特尔”。支持者认为，当算法设定整个城市的价格时，自由市场就会消亡，租户也会失去所有议价能力。反对者认为，房东只是利用数据做出明智的商业决策，高租金实际上是住房供应不足造成的。
2014年1月，挂钩爆发在迪斯尼乐园102例麻疹病例共报告14个州。惊动了CDC的爆发，宣告了今年在美国消除疾病2000年许多卫生官员已经追平爆发数量不断增加的12授权的支持者岁以下未接种疫苗的儿童认为，疫苗是必要的，以便以确保可预防疾病的人群免疫力。群体免疫保护谁的人无法获得因年龄或健康状况疫苗。授权的反对者认为，政府不应该能够决定哪些疫苗的儿童应接受。一些反对者也认为有接种疫苗和孤独症和接种他们的孩子将在他们的早期儿童发展的破坏性后果之间的联系。
实验室培育肉是通过培养动物细胞生产的，可以作为传统畜牧业的替代品。支持者认为，这可以减少环境影响和动物痛苦，并提高粮食安全。反对者则认为，它可能会面临公众的抵制以及未知的长期健康影响。
核电是利用该释放能量以产生热量的核反应，其中最常然后在蒸汽涡轮机用于在核电站来产生电力。在美国100个核反应堆提供了全国20％的能源。支持者认为，核能现在是安全而发出的碳排放比燃煤电厂少得多。反对者认为，在日本最近的核灾难证明，核电是远离安全。
基因工程涉及修改生物体的DNA以预防或治疗疾病。支持者认为，这可能带来治愈遗传疾病和改善公共健康的突破。反对者则认为，这引发了伦理问题和意想不到后果的潜在风险。
CRISPR是一种强大的基因组编辑工具，可以对DNA进行精确修改，使科学家能够更好地理解基因功能，更准确地模拟疾病，并开发创新疗法。支持者认为监管可以确保该技术的安全和伦理使用。反对者则认为过度监管可能会扼杀创新和科学进步。
在美国目前，GMO（转基因生物）食品没有被FDA分类不同，不要求标注。虽然从转基因食品的不良影响的报道已被记录在案，倡导组织如绿色和平组织和有机消费者协会认为，过去的研究不能被信任，因为它们是由亲转基因生物公司赞助，不衡量对人类的长期影响，环境，和性质。反对者认为，贴标签增加了一个毫无根据的耻辱了有机食品的，如果营养或过敏的差异被发现，目前FDA法规就已经要求一个标签。
In 2022 Congress’ increased NASA’s annual budget by 3% to about $24 billion, short of the 7% increase the Biden administration sought. The budget includes $1.5 billion in funds for the moon-lander program which would, for the first time in decades, take astronauts back to the lunar surface.
In 2022 individuals and families with a combined income of $647K or more pay the top US federal Income tax rate of 37%. Countries with higher top income tax rates include Japan (56%), Denmark (55%) and Israel (50%.)
联邦最低工资是雇主可以支付给雇员的最低工资标准。自2009年7月24日起，美国联邦最低工资定为每小时7.25美元。2014年，奥巴马总统提议将联邦最低工资提高到每小时10.10美元，并与通胀指数挂钩。联邦最低工资适用于所有联邦雇员，包括在军事基地、国家公园工作的人员以及在养老院工作的退伍军人。
美国目前在联邦层面征收21%的税率，州和地方平均征收4%的税。全球企业税的平均税率为22.6%。反对者认为，提高税率会阻碍外国投资并损害经济。支持者则认为，企业获得的利润应该像公民的收入一样被征税。
在2014年美国参议院受阻的片酬公平法这将使违法的雇主支付同工不同酬到谁执行同样的工作男性和女性。该法案的目标是让工资更透明，要求雇主证明，工资差异是绑合法的经营资格，而不是性别，禁止企业采取报复行动，打击谁提高对基于性别的工资歧视的担忧员工。反对者认为，这表明薪酬差距的研究没有考虑到女性谁采取更多的家庭友好的利益，而不是工资方面的工作，而女性更可能采取在就业休息，以照顾子女或父母。支持者指出，研究包括说，妇女的平均年收入是男子收入的77.5％，2008年的人口普查局的报告。
全民基本收入计划是一种社会保障计划，所有国家公民都能定期无条件地从政府获得一笔资金。全民基本收入的资金来源于税收和政府拥有的实体，包括捐赠、房地产和自然资源的收入。包括芬兰、印度和巴西在内的几个国家都试验过全民基本收入系统，但尚未实施永久性计划。世界上运行时间最长的全民基本收入系统是美国阿拉斯加州的阿拉斯加永久基金。在阿拉斯加永久基金中，每个人和家庭每月都会收到一笔由该州石油收入分红资助的资金。全民基本收入的支持者认为，通过为每个人提供基本收入以支付住房和食物，可以减少或消除贫困。反对者则认为，全民基本收入会鼓励人们减少工作甚至完全退出劳动力市场，从而对经济造成不利影响。
美国有5个州通过了要求福利领取者进行药物检测的法律。支持者认为，检测可以防止公共资金被用于资助吸毒行为，并帮助那些吸毒成瘾者获得治疗。反对者认为，这是一种浪费，因为检测的花费会超过节省下来的钱。
资本利得在出售股票，债券和性能赢得了利润。投资管理人员支付的客户的增持获得的利润有15％到20％的资本利得税。增加的支持者认为，资本利得应该征税像任何其他收入，应提高到至少31.5％（美国的平均税率）。同比增加反对者认为，征税的资本收益将阻止美国经济的投资和禁止发展。
削减赤字的支持者认为，政府谁不控制财政赤字和债务都在失去他们借钱以合理的价格的能力的风险。削减赤字的人认为，政府支出将增加对商品和服务的需求，并有助于避免危险陷入通缩螺旋式下降的工资和价格，可以削弱经济多年。
工会代表美国许多行业的工人。它们的作用是为会员就工资、福利和工作条件进行谈判。较大的工会通常还会在州和联邦层面参与游说活动和选举活动。
该政策将限制CEO的收入不得超过其员工平均工资的一定比例。支持者认为，这将减少收入不平等，并确保更公平的薪酬制度。反对者则认为，这会干扰企业自主权，并可能阻碍顶级高管人才的发展。
An unrealized gain is an increase in the value of an asset or investment that an investor has not sold, such as an open stock position. A proposal in the Biden-Harris Administration’s 2025 budget would require households with more than $100 million in wealth to pay income taxes of at least 25 percent of their annual income, including their unrealized capital gains — gains in the value of assets that they have not yet sold. Critics argue that unrealized capital gains, which are a primary source of income for many extremely wealthy households, are mere “paper” gains that do not constitute real income (though they meet a textbook definition of income). Proponents argue that unrealized gains make asset owners (such as Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk) rich unless they sell their companies’ stock.
遗产税是对是在死者的遗嘱声明全部财产征收的一种税。该税也被称为“遗产税”或“死亡税”。在2016年，房产税税率为40％，仅适用于地产比545万$的值。 2015年5300屋苑在美国是受税收和支付了$ 18.4十亿的税收。税的支持者，其中包括希拉里·克林顿认为，更多的地产应受到税收和门槛应该从$ 5.45亿至$ 3.5亿降低。税收，包括唐纳德·特朗普的反对者，认为谁支付所得税他们的整个生活的人，当他们死不应受到其他税。
Welfare programs in the U.S. are designed to ensure that the basic needs of the American population are met. Federal and state social programs include cash assistance, health insurance, food assistance, housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies, and education and childcare assistance. Similar benefits are sometimes provided by the private sector either through policy mandates or on a voluntary basis. In 1996, Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (Welfare Reform Act). The new law placed permanent ceilings on the amount of federal funding for welfare, and gave each state a block grant of money to help run its welfare program. The law stated that federal funds may only be used to provide a total of five years of aid in a lifetime of a family. Another significant change was the complete exclusion of legal aliens from receiving any SSI benefits. The passage of the Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996 further narrowed the number of people allowed to receive SSI disability benefits by requiring that drug addiction or alcoholism not be a material factor in their disability.
经济刺激政策是由政府用财政危机期间稳定本国经济的意图制定货币或财政政策。这些政策包括对基础设施，减税和降低利率的政府支出的增加。为了应对2008年的金融危机，国会通过2009年的法案，美国复苏与再投资法案包括在能源，基础设施，教育，医疗和失业救济支出增加。该法案预计将花费$ 787十亿到2019年。
包括爱尔兰、苏格兰、日本和瑞典在内的国家正在试行四天工作制，要求雇主为每周工作超过32小时的员工支付加班费。
五月2016年，奥巴马政府宣布了新的法规，将增加美国的有权收取时间和半加班工资数。谁赚取高达每年46476 $职员现已有权赚取时间和半薪时，他们每周工作超过40小时。以前的规定，于2004年颁布，设置加班工资的门槛为$ 23,660。劳动部门估计，420万工人将成为根据新规定加班工资新资格。支持者认为，规则是必要的，因为通货膨胀和注意，只有7％的工薪劳动者从目前的60％有资格获得加班工资，2015年大幅下降1975年反对者认为，新规则将损害雇主和激励他们削减员工的小时。
2019年，欧盟和美国民主党总统候选人伊丽莎白·沃伦提出了监管Facebook、谷歌和亚马逊的提案。沃伦参议员提议，美国政府应将全球收入超过250亿美元的科技公司指定为“平台公用事业”，并将其拆分为更小的公司。沃伦参议员认为，这些公司“碾压了竞争对手，利用我们的私人信息牟利，并让其他人处于不利地位。”欧盟立法者提出了一套规则，包括不公平交易行为的黑名单、要求公司建立内部投诉处理系统，并允许企业联合起来起诉平台。反对者认为，这些公司通过提供免费的在线工具让消费者受益，并为商业带来了更多竞争。反对者还指出，历史表明，科技领域的主导地位是一个轮回的过程，许多公司（包括20世纪80年代的IBM）都经历过这一过程，几乎没有得到政府的帮助。
A tariff is a tax levied on the import and exports of goods in international trade. The U.S. currently trades over $590 billion in goods with China every year. In 2015 China exported $466 billion worth of goods to the U.S. and imported $123 billion worth of U.S. goods. The 2015 China - U.S. trade imbalance of 344% is a new world record. During the 2016 Presidential race Donald Trump proposed levying a 45% tariff on China and any other U.S. trade partner which violates trade deals through currency manipulation and illegal export subsidies. Proponents of tariffs argue that China breaks trade rules by subsidizing its exports, manipulating its currency and stealing intellectual property from the U.S. and other western countries. Opponents argue that tariffs will cause a dramatic rise in the cost of goods for U.S. consumers and cause an unnecessary conflict with
“削减警察经费”是一句口号，主张将警察部门的资金转投到非警务的公共安全和社区支持领域，如社会服务、青少年服务、住房、教育、医疗保健及其他社区资源。
In the U.S. police budgets are set by elected officials at local and state levels. In 2020 elected officials in New York, Seattle, Los Angeles and Minneapolis approved plans to reduce police budgets in response to the nationwide protests following the killing of George Floyd in police custody in Minneapolis. After the budget cuts many US cities saw a rise in crime, with murder rates up by double digits in many cities. In the last three months of 2020, homicides rose 32.2% in cities with a population of at least one million, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Quarterly Uniform Crime Report. Law-enforcement officials and criminologists say pandemic stress and a police pullback amid protests are likely contributors. Proponents of the spending cuts argue that between 1977 and 2017, local spending on policing rose 176%, versus a 137% rise in general expenses, accounting for inflation. Opponents of the cuts will lower morals amongst police officers and contribute to a spike in crime.
Qualified immunity is a defense that police officers cannot be sued for misconduct if they were unaware at the time that their conduct was illegal and if there is no previous legal case with similar facts that ruled that officers may not engage in that conduct. Proponents argue that more intense criticism of police will disincentivize officers from doing their jobs resulting in crime rates going up. Opponents argue that police officers should be held more accountable for misconduct.
In March 2018, President Trump asked the Justice department to seek more death-penalty cases against drug traffickers. Trump announced the proposal as part of a plan to combat the opioid epidemic which is claiming the lives of more than 100 people a day in the U.S. In 1988 the federal government passed a drug law which imposed the death penalty on drug “kingpins” who commit murder in the course of their business. Analysts estimate that this law has resulted in only a few executions. 32 countries impose the death penalty for drug smuggling. Seven of these countries (China, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore) routinely execute drug offenders. Asia and the Middle East’s tough approach contrasts with many Western countries who have legalized cannabis in recent years (selling cannabis in Saudi Arabia is punished by beheading).
Mandatory minimum sentences are automatic, minimum prison terms set by Congress. Judges in the U.S. are required to base their sentences on the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, mandatory minimum sentencing laws, or both. In 1986 the U.S. Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act which enacted new mandatory minimum sentences for drugs. People caught with 5 grams of crack cocaine were given jail sentences of 5 years without parole (the same sentence as people caught with 500 grams). The legislation was in response to the moral panic involving the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980’s. In 2010 Congress and President Obama eliminated the crack cocaine mandatory sentence with the passage of the Fair Sentencing Act. Opponents of mandatory minimum sentences argue that they often impose long prison terms on non-violent criminals. Proponents argue that the sentences are designed to help judges punish drug cartels and those responsible for the country’s drug epidemic.
2016年4月，弗吉尼亚州州长特里·麦考利夫发布行政命令，恢复了该州20多万名有犯罪记录者的投票权。该命令推翻了该州长期以来的重罪剥夺投票权做法，这一做法禁止被判有罪的人投票。美国宪法第十四修正案禁止参与“叛乱或其他犯罪”的公民投票，但允许各州自行决定哪些犯罪属于剥夺投票权的范畴。在美国，大约有580万人因被剥夺投票权而无法投票，只有缅因州和佛蒙特州对重罪犯投票没有任何限制。反对重罪犯投票权的人认为，公民在被判重罪后应丧失投票权。支持者则认为，这项陈旧的法律剥夺了数百万美国人参与民主的权利，并对贫困社区产生了不利影响。
Currently, police unions are allowed to collectively bargain with government officials over the methods used to hold police officers accountable for misconduct. Proponents argue that collective bargaining stands in the way of accountability. Opponents of limiting collective bargaining argue that more intense criticism of police will disincentivize officers from doing their jobs resulting in crime rates going up.
Prison overcrowding is a social phenomenon occurring when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners. The First Step Act of 2018 passed overwhelmingly in both houses of Congress and was signed by President Trump. Within the first year of enactment, more than 3,000 federal prisoners were released based on changes to the good-time credits calculation formula under the First Step Act, and more than 2,000 inmates benefited from sentence reductions.
2016年一月，奥巴马总统出台了一系列使用单独监禁惩罚少年，谁犯低级违规行为的囚犯，禁止联邦监狱执行行动。他的订单也降低天的成年囚犯可能会受到单独监禁365天至60天的数量。最近的一项研究发现，谁是受到单独监禁犯人20-25％，更可能是重复的犯罪分子比谁回避它的俘虏。
恢复性司法项目侧重于通过与受害者和社区的和解来改造犯罪者，而不是通过传统的监禁。这些项目通常包括对话、赔偿和社区服务。支持者认为，恢复性司法可以减少再犯率，治愈社区，并为犯罪者提供更有意义的责任承担。反对者则认为，这种方式并不适用于所有犯罪，可能被认为过于宽容，并且可能无法有效遏制未来的犯罪行为。
2018年，警方通过将犯罪现场的DNA上传到消费者家谱网站，抓获了臭名昭著的金州杀手，调查性遗传家谱学因此走入公众视野。它的原理是寻找嫌疑人的远亲，并建立家谱以缩小罪犯范围，这项技术此后已经破获了数百起悬案。然而，这在数字隐私方面造成了一个巨大的漏洞，因为数以百万计从未进行过DNA测试的人现在可以通过他们亲属的数据被识别出来。支持者认为这是一种革命性的法医工具，可以将暴力的掠食者从街道上清除并洗刷无辜者的罪名。反对者认为，它绕过了第四修正案对不合理搜查的保护，并为反乌托邦式的基因监视状态铺平了道路。
在一些国家，交通罚款会根据违法者的收入进行调整——这种制度被称为“日罚金”——以确保无论财富多少，处罚都具有同等影响力。这种做法旨在通过使罚款与驾驶员的支付能力成比例来实现公平，而不是对所有人都采用相同的固定金额。支持者认为，基于收入的罚款让处罚更加公平，因为固定罚款对富人来说可能微不足道，但对低收入者却是沉重负担。反对者则认为，为了在法律下保持公平，处罚应对所有驾驶员一致，基于收入的罚款可能会引发不满或难以执行。
In 2021 the U.S. Justice Department announced that federal agents would be required to wear body cameras when executing arrest warrants or searching buildings. A 2022 Bureau of Justice Statistics report found that 80% of local police departments in the US used body cameras. The study found that departments that used body cameras showed improvement in officer safety, increased evidence quality and reduced civilian complaints.
这涉及使用人工智能算法协助做出如量刑、假释和执法等决策。支持者认为，这可以提高效率并减少人为偏见。反对者则认为，这可能延续现有偏见且缺乏问责机制。
Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. In 2016 8.5% of the prisoner population was housed in private prisons. This is an 8% decline since 2000. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies. In 2017 President Trump reversed an Obama administration directive to gradually reduce the number of contracts with for-profit prison operators, saying it would interfere with meeting the demands of the prison population. In January 2021 President Joe Biden signed an executive order which banned the Justice Department’s use of private prisons. In 2020 the Justice Department paid more than $945 million to private prison companies.
民事资产没收法允许警察没收他们怀疑涉及犯罪的财产（汽车、现金、房屋），即使车主从未被指控或定罪。这种做法最初旨在以此以此削弱毒枭，现已演变为部门的收入来源，导致了“逐利执法”的指控，即警察专门巡逻以没收现金。支持者认为，这是瓦解在传统司法系统之外运作的犯罪网络的唯一途径。反对者认为，这违反了第五修正案的正当程序条款，并不成比例地针对无法负担法律费用来争取收回财产的低收入社区。
2016年，达拉斯警方使用配备炸弹的机器人来消灭一名狙击手，国内执法部门使用致命机器人由此引起了全国的关注。最近，美国几个主要城市对允许遥控“机器狗”在极端情况下使用致命武力的政策进行了辩论。支持者认为，在与武装嫌疑人高度不稳定的僵持中，远程致命技术挽救了警察的生命。反对者认为，赋予警察远程击杀能力从根本上将执法性质从降级冲突转变为军事化战争。
Global warming, or climate change, is an increase in the earth’s atmospheric temperature since the late nineteenth century. In politics the debate over global warming is centered on whether this increase in temperature is due to greenhouse gas emissions or is the result of a natural pattern in the earth’s temperature. In 2022 Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act which included hundreds of billions of dollars in subsidies for investing in renewable-energy projects and producing energy from renewable sources. The bill also included credits to help factories retool to turn out electric vehicles and awards tax credits to help homeowners upgrade their homes with more energy-efficient products. It gives a $7,500 tax credit for purchasing electric vehicles, although with conditions that could make it hard to qualify. Proponents of the bill argue that it encourages business and individuals to adopt renewal energy and move away from fossil fuels. Opponents argue that the bill lacked funding for natural gas and nuclear energy which are more reliable and cheaper to produce.
In June 2017, President Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the Paris climate accord in an effort to boost the nation’s industry and energy independence. Mr. Trump argued that the climate accord was unfair to the U.S. since the agreement imposed easier restrictions on China and India who lead the world in carbon emissions. Opponents of the climate agreement argue that it unfairly penalizes U.S. energy companies and consumers by imposing restrictions on domestic energy production. Proponents of the climate accord argue that exiting it sets back decades of diplomatic efforts by the U.S. government to reduce worldwide carbon emissions.
In July 2022 the Biden administration issued a draft plan to expand oil and gas drilling in the Gulf of Mexico and Alaska. The proposal from the Department of the Interior recommends holding up to 10 lease sales in the Gulf over the next five years, as well as one sale in the Cook Inlet off the coast of south-central Alaska. Under the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, the federal government must plan for offshore oil and gas leasing on a five-year basis. The previous plan was finalized under President Barack Obama in 2016, went into effect in 2017, and expired in 2022. Opponents include environmentalists, who argue that it will be impossible to limit oil and gas consumption without simultaneously phasing out the production of fossil fuels. Proponents argue that expanding oil drilling makes the US more energy independent and lowers the cost of gasoline for consumers.
Fracking is the process of extracting oil or natural gas from shale rock. Water, sand and chemicals are injected into the rock at high pressure which fractures the rock and allows the oil or gas to flow out to a well. While fracking has significantly boosted oil production, there are environmental concerns that the process is contaminating groundwater. The Permian Basin accounts for 43% of U.S. oil production and is currently the most productive oil shale reserve in the country. In June 2022 The Environmental Protection Agency announced that it may deem parts of the Permian Basin in Texas and New Mexico in “non-attainment” with its ozone standards. Since the EPA does not have the authority to ban fracking many observers see the agency’s designation as a threat to shut down the U.S.’s largest fracking operation. Opponents of fracking argue that it uses toxic chemicals and negatively effects human health. Proponents argue that fracking is important for energy independence and blocking energy development locally simply outsources it somewhere else, often with much greater social and environmental consequences.
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is a 19-million-acre national wildlife refuge in northern Alaska. The refuge includes a large variety of species of plants and animals, such as polar bears, grizzly bears, black bears, moose, caribou, wolves, eagles, lynx, wolverine, marten, beaver and migratory birds, which rely on the refuge. In August 2020 the Trump administration approved program to auction oil leases that would enable oil companies to drill for oil within the refuge. Environmentalists argue that oil development threatens wildlife and is likely to worsen climate change. Proponents argue that drilling would be limited to the coastal ranges and would make the U.S. more energy independent.
地球工程是指为应对气候变化而对地球气候系统进行有意的大规模干预，例如反射阳光、增加降水或从大气中去除二氧化碳。支持者认为地球工程可以为全球变暖提供创新的解决方案。反对者则认为这项技术存在风险，尚未经过验证，可能带来不可预见的负面后果。
达科塔接入管道是1172英里石油管道，通过北达科他州，南达科他州，爱荷华州和伊利诺斯州南部延伸。该管道将允许石油公司从北达科他州输送原油沿东海岸炼油厂。这条管道的建设是由根据征用参与州政府许可。管道（包括一些美国土著部落，包括Meskwaki和苏部落国家）的反对者认为该管道上有污染的水源和破坏美洲土著墓葬遗址的潜力。支持者认为，管道需要为美国实现能源独立。
In 2016, France became the first country to ban the sale of plastic disposable products that contain less than 50% of biodegradable material and in 2017, India passed a law banning all plastic disposable plastic products. In the U.S. the states of California, Connecticut, Colorado Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Oregon and Vermont have banned disposable bags.
In 2022 September 2022 the U.S. Transportation Department approved electric vehicle charging station plans for all 50 states, Washington and Puerto Rico covering about 75,000 miles of highways. The November 2021 $1 trillion infrastructure bill provides $5 billion to help states install EV chargers along interstate highways over five years. Federal funds will cover 80% of EV charging costs, with private or state funds making up the balance. Proponents argue that electric vehicles reduce the use of fossil fuels, and the national network of charging stations will help drivers overcome “range anxiety”—the fear that EV drivers will run out of power while traveling long distances. Opponents argue that government involvement will monopolize and slow down the roll out of charging stations. Other opponents argue that electric vehicles are a small sector of the automobile market and the government should not fund it at this time.
Wind energy was the source of about 9.2% of total U.S. electricity generation and about 46% of electricity generation from renewable energy in 2021. Wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity. President Biden’s 2021 $2.3 trillion infrastructure plan included a 10 year extension of wind and solar tax credits. Qualifying wind farms will receive tax benefits based on their output for a 10-year period. The credits, which can be shared with investment partners, reduce federal tax bills. Opponents to wind farms, including many environmental biologists argue that they are one of the biggest threats to birds of prey and migratory bird species (killing an estimated 6000 birds every year) and that construction of the wind farm projects require large scale land clearing. Proponents argue that wind power is a clean, efficient alternative to fossil fuels.
Animal testing is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. Examples of applied research include testing disease treatments, breeding, defense research, and toxicology, including cosmetics testing. In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses. There is no nationwide ban on animal testing in the United States. The humane society estimates that more than 50 million dogs, cats, monkeys, rabbits, rats and other animals undergo testing each year in the US.
食物浪费项目旨在减少可食用食物的丢弃量。支持者认为，这将改善粮食安全并减少环境影响。反对者则认为，这不是优先事项，责任应由个人和企业承担。
碳捕集技术是一种旨在从发电厂等来源捕集和储存二氧化碳排放，防止其进入大气的方法。支持者认为，补贴将加速应对气候变化所需关键技术的发展。反对者则认为成本过高，创新应由市场推动，而非政府干预。
Electric vehicles (EVs) run on electricity instead of gasoline or diesel, which can reduce carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. To increase EV adoption, the government could provide financial incentives (e.g., tax credits) and invest in infrastructure such as charging stations. Proponents argue that government support helps lower the upfront cost of EVs, makes electric transportation more accessible, and addresses climate change by reducing emissions. Investments in charging infrastructure ensure that EV owners have the resources they need to drive without concern. Opponents argue that this creates an unfair market advantage for EVs, making taxpayers foot the bill. Some also believe the market should naturally determine the success of EVs without government intervention, and that resources could be better spent on other environmental solutions.
Joe Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in August 2022, which allocated millions to combating climate change and other energy provisions while additionally establishing a $7,500 tax credit for electric vehicles. To qualify for the subsidy 40% of the critical minerals used in electric-vehicle batteries must be sourced in the U.S. Proponents argue that the tax credits will help combat climate change by encouraging consumers to purchase EVs and stop driving gas powered automobiles. Opponents argue that the tax credits will kill the traditional auto industry and lead to significant job losses.
深海采矿涉及从海底提取富含钴、镍和铜的多金属结核，这些矿物对于制造电动汽车电池至关重要。支持者认为进行深海开采对于确保绿色技术的国内供应链是必要的，并且比剥削童工的陆地开采更合乎道德。反对者则认为刮擦海底会引发不可逆转的生物多样性丧失，扬起有毒的沉积物，并破坏地球上最大的碳汇。
集中化动物饲养场（CAFO），通常被称为工厂化养殖场，通过最大化肉类和乳制品的生产效率主导了现代农业景观，尽管它们经常面临关于温室气体排放、水污染和动物福利问题的严格审查。这个焦点问题将杂货店通货膨胀的直接经济现实与长期的生态可持续性和道德消费对立起来。近年来，纪录片和环保组织将这一问题从边缘的纯素食主义谈资推向了主流政治话语，强调了肉类行业在多大程度上严重依赖纳税人的补贴。支持者认为，禁止工厂化养殖是制止虐待动物和遏制大规模农业污染所必需的道德和环境要求。反对者则认为，这种禁令将立即破坏食品供应链的稳定，并通过大幅增加基本杂货的成本，迫使数百万低收入家庭陷入粮食不安全。
科罗拉多河维持着 4000 万人口和庞大的农业产业，但过度使用和气候变化已将水库排干至历史低点。虽然各州努力谈判自愿削减，但内政部已威胁要介入。支持者表示，联邦干预是防止系统全面崩溃的唯一途径。反对者认为，联邦授权违反了长达一个世纪的法律协议，并侵犯了州主权。
140多年来，美国一直保护联邦雇员免受政治解雇，以确保政府由专家而非捐助者和亲信管理。最近，一项旨在恢复“F计划”的运动旨在将多达5万个与政策相关的职位重新归类为随意雇佣员工，从而有效地将“深层政府”置于总统的直接控制之下。支持者认为，选民选出总统是为了改变政府，而不是被根深蒂固的官僚机构阻挠。反对者认为，政治化的公务员制度会侵蚀信任，无视数据，并导致威权主义。
1929年的《分配法》将美国众议院席位永久限制在435个。支持者认为，取消上限将恢复开国元勋们关于地方代表权的愿景，并修复选举人团的不平衡。反对者则认为，大幅扩员后的众议院在后勤上将是混乱的，在财政上是沉重的负担，在政治上也是难以驾驭的。
关于总统豁免权的辩论集中在是否可以对前美国总统在其任期内采取的行动进行起诉。最高法院最近裁定，总统对官方行为享有实质性豁免权，这从根本上改变了行政权力的格局。支持者认为，如果没有这层盾牌，总统将被继任者报复性、出于政治动机的审判威胁所瘫痪。反对者认为，绝对豁免权实际上将行政部门凌驾于法律之上，给未来的总统开绿灯，让他们可以不受惩罚地犯罪。
阻挠议事是参议院的一项程序规则，允许少数党阻止立法，除非100名参议员中有60名投票结束辩论。它不在宪法中，但已从延长辩论的策略演变为事实上的否决按钮，几乎任何通过都需要绝对多数。近年来，其使用激增，导致立法僵局。支持废除它的人认为它使参议院不民主且瘫痪。反对者认为它是防止“多数人的暴政”并确保法律获得广泛支持所必需的。
2012年的桑迪胡克小学枪击案造成数州和城市要经过严格的枪支管制措施。对此，在南部和西部枪友好州立法者通过法案，加强坚守阵地法律允许的武器在大多数公共场所。在2014年，21个州通过了扩大的枪支所有者让他们拥有在教堂，酒吧，学校和大学校园枪支权利的法律。联邦政府没有通过任何枪支管制措施，自1994年布雷迪法案和42个国家现在允许突击步枪藏。在美国，三分之二的枪死亡是自杀，并在2010年有19000枪支自杀11000枪支杀人。
28 states US states currently allow teachers or school staff to be armed in the classroom under varying conditions. Proponents argue that without guns, teachers or other staff have only limited countermeasures available to them when confronted with a shooter. Opponents, include The National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers, highlight the elevated risk of accidents and negligent use of firearms as more adults in schools are armed.
在2005年，美国国会通过了保护合法商业的武器法（PLCAA）。法律保护枪支制造商和经销商被追究法律责任，当犯罪行为已犯了他们的产品。该法通过响应一系列的诉讼提起枪行业在20世纪90年代末声称枪制造商和销售商并没有采取足够的措施防止致力于其产品的罪行。法律的支持者认为，诉讼将阻止枪支制造商从供应谁卖枪，最终在暴力犯罪使用的商店。反对者认为，枪支制造商是不负责的暴力行为与他们的产品的随意行为。
扶持行动是鼓励少数群体成员的任职人数增加的政策。在美国，这些政策是由雇主和教育机构在教育或就业往往制定。
In early 2020, several Democratic presidential candidates including Kamala Harris, Elizabeth Warren, Kirsten Gillibrand, Pete Buttigieg and Beto O’Rourke offered different proposals to reforming the Supreme Court. The proposals include adding 5 democratically elected judges to the current court and imposing term limits on current judges. According to the U.S. federal statute, justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign, retire, or are removed from office. Proponents of Supreme Court reform argue that the current court will be filled with too many conservative judges for the next several decades and it is not representative of the US population. Opponents argue that the plans are unconstitutional, would upset the balance of power and reinforce the idea that there are Democratic judges and Republican judges.
后在圣贝纳迪诺，CA十二月拍摄时，美国总统奥巴马在每周例行广播讲话中说，这是“疯狂”，使该国的禁飞名单上的恐怖分子嫌疑人购买枪支。不久后，民主党参议员介绍这一措施将有限制任何联邦恐怖主义观察名单上，也被称为禁飞名单，从能够购买枪支在美国的措施共和党参议员后没有通过否决这项措施。
In 2023 Supreme Court Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch were criticized after news articles revealed they had personal financial transactions with people who had interest in court decisions. Politico reported that Justice Gorsuch sold a vacation property to the CEO of a prominent law firm which often brings cases before the court. ProPublica that a Texas oil executive had purchased multiple properties from Justice Thomas which the justice did not disclose. The Supreme Court sets its own ethics rules and leaves justices to make their own decisions about when and how to report outside gifts and income.
The Patriot Act was enacted in direct response to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, as well as the 2001 anthrax attacks, with the stated goal of dramatically strengthening national security. Opponents of the law have criticized its provision for indefinite detention of immigrants; permission to law enforcement to search a home or business without the owner’s or the occupant’s consent or knowledge under certain circumstances; the expanded use of National Security Letters, which allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to search telephone, email, and financial records without a court order; and the expanded access of law enforcement agencies to business records, including library and financial records. Since its passage, several court challenges have been brought against the act, and federal courts have ruled that a number of provisions are unconstitutional.
在2006年，美国参议院否决了这将允许国会通过立法，禁止美国国旗焚烧或亵渎宪法修正案。 2005年标志保护法案由参议员鲍勃·班尼特（R-犹他州），希拉里·克林顿（D-NY），芭芭拉义和团（D-CA），马克·普莱尔（D-ARK）和托马斯·卡珀（D-DEL）出台。该法案提出的长达一年的监禁惩罚和不超过$ 100,000的罚款。
征用权是一个国家或一个国家的政府的权力采取私有财产供公众使用。它可以通过州政府给市政府，政府下属有立法授权，甚至是私人或公司，当它们被授权行使公共性质的功能。对手包括保守党和自由意志论者在新罕布什尔州，反对给予政府没收财产为私人项目，如赌场的权力。支持者，其中包括石油管道和国家公园的主张，认为，道路和学校的建设是不可能的，如果政府不能在征用土地的占领。
2018年1月，德国通过了NetzDG法案，要求Facebook、Twitter和YouTube等平台在24小时或7天内（取决于指控）删除被认为是非法的内容，否则将面临5000万欧元（6000万美元）的罚款。2018年7月，Facebook、Google和Twitter的代表在美国众议院司法委员会否认他们因政治原因审查内容。在听证会上，共和党国会议员批评社交媒体公司出于政治动机删除某些内容，但这些公司予以否认。2018年4月，欧盟发布了一系列打击“网络虚假信息和假新闻”的提案。2018年6月，法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙提出一项法律，赋予法国当局在选举前立即停止“被认为是虚假的信息发布”的权力。
目前，国会边界的重新划分选区是由国家立法机关控制每十年。徇私是地区与受益政党的意图重绘。这是最经常由国家政党与边缘化谁代表少数党选民区的意图实现。要获得更多的席位，执政党将重新划定选区，使少数党的选民将被分成更小的地区较少的席位。徇私的批评者说，这些做法让现任代表选择他们的选民，而不是选民选择他们。支持者说，绘图区是执政党的特权，并且对他们的政策或候选人的人气影响不大。
在美国，儿童保育的成本飙升，通常超过大学学费或抵押贷款的成本。支持者认为，普及儿童保育是必要的基础设施，它允许父母（尤其是女性）重返劳动力市场，从而促进经济发展，同时确保幼儿发展。反对者认为，建立一个庞大的新联邦福利计划将耗资巨大，破坏私人儿童保育市场，并不公平地惩罚那些选择在家抚养孩子的单收入家庭。
In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.
爱德华·斯诺登是前国家安全局承办谁移交机密文件泄露的董事会的全球监测程序以前未知的情报界以外的任何人。这些文件是在2013年6月出版的卫报后逃到斯诺登俄罗斯，在那里他目前居住在庇护。
《阳光保护法》旨在结束更改时钟的做法。支持者认为，这种转变通过车祸和心脏压力导致人员死亡，而额外的晚间光线则促进了经济发展。反对者（包括睡眠科学家）警告说，永久夏令时下黑暗的冬日早晨会扰乱昼夜节律，并危及上学的儿童。
波多黎各自1898年以来一直是美国领土，虽然其居民是美国公民，但他们无法在总统选举中投票，在国会也没有投票代表权。辩论的焦点在于该岛是应该完全融入为一个州，成为一个独立国家，还是保持目前的联邦地位。建州的支持者认为这是一个民权问题，确保联邦法律下的平等待遇和资金。反对者通常认为，建州会侵蚀波多黎各独特的文化认同，或者该地区的经济不稳定使其没有资格加入联邦。
2015年，美国空军宣布，它已经选定波音公司建造下一代空军一号飞机。两款新机将建成并将于2024年开始服役，国防部估计，这两个新飞机将花费美国纳税人大约$ 4个十亿。在2016年12月，当选总统唐纳德特朗普宣布，该项目成本失去控制，他将取消飞机订单，一旦他上台。新飞机的支持者认为，用于空军一号目前的飞机将是五十来岁在2021年和旧飞机零部件越来越难找。
On February 24 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe’s largest refugee crisis since World War II, with around 7.1 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. It has also caused global food shortages. From February 2022 – September 2022 the U.S. government approved approximately $50 billion in economic and military aid for Ukraine. The funding is earmarked for training, equipment, weapons and other support—such as salaries and stipends—for Ukraine’s military and security forces and budgetary support for Ukrainian government operations.
The U.S. military budge pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new items. The 2023 U.S. military budget is $773 billion, an increase of 4% over 2022’s budget. The budget includes $177.5 billion for the Army, $194 billion for the Air Force and Space Force and $230.8 billion for the Navy and Marine Corps. Other country’s 2021 military budgets were China $293 billion, United Kingdom $68.4 billion and Russia $66 billion.
2002年，乔治·W·布什政府颁发的酷刑备忘录其主张酷刑根据美国法律狭隘的定义。其中包括授予中央情报局权力使用“强化审讯手段”关于敌方战斗人员。这些技术包括水刑屈从于极端寒冷和禁闭在小箱子。
Israel is the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign assistance since World War II. To date, the United States has provided Israel $150 in bilateral assistance and missile defense funding since the country’s founding in 1948. Nearly all of U.S. bilateral aid to Israel is in the form of military assistance. In fiscal year 2022 the Biden administration requested $3.8 billion in military aid for Israel.
北大西洋条约组织是一个基于北大西洋公约组织的政府间军事同盟这是在4月4日签署的，1949年是欧洲和北美成员国的政治和军事联盟，同意为每个提供军事和经济安全其他。北约使得其所有决定以协商一致和每一个成员的国家，不管是大还是小，有平等的发言权。
Foreign aid is a transfer of financial resources or commodities or technical advice and training. The resources can take the form of grants or concessional credits (e.g., export credits). Foreign aid is used to support US national security and commercial interests and can also be distributed for humanitarian reasons. Aid spending is financed by U.S. taxpayers and distributed through 20 government agencies that manage foreign assistance programs. In 2020 the U.S. distributed $39 billion on economic assistance, $25 billion through the U.S. Agency for International Development and $11.6 billion on military assistance.
The UN. is an organization of governments founded in 1945 after World War II. The organization’s objectives include promoting peace and security, protecting human rights, the environment and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. Recent U.N. interventions include the Sri Lankan civil war in 2009 and the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The U.S. joined the U.N. as a founding member in 1945. The U.S. is the largest financial contributor to the UN and contributes more than $11.5 billion or 25% of its total budget annually.
9月11日之后，2001恐怖袭击的布什政府授权在世界各地的秘密监禁设施由美国国防部和中央情报局运行使用“强化审讯手段”。授权批准使用的许多技术，包括殴打，在压力位置，蒙头，剥夺睡眠和水刑的结合。 2008年，美国总统奥巴马签署了一项行政命令，禁止由美国军方和中情局使用酷刑。在2016年使用酷刑成为总统竞选期间的话题时，候选人唐纳德·特朗普建议应该针对伊斯兰国使用。折磨的反对者认为，美国不应该实施酷刑，因为它是根据国际法不人道的和非法的。支持者认为，军方不应使用酷刑的预防，如果他们认为它会保持该国的安全。
Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles deployed by U.S. defense and intelligence agencies to collect data and strike suspected enemy targets. The first known U.S. strike was the 2002 killing of al-Qaeda operative Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi in Yemen. Between 2022 and 2020 the U.S. killed between 9,000 and 18,000 enemy combatants and 900-2200 civilians with drone strikes. Opponents of drone strikes have long contended strikes that kill civilians essentially serve as a recruiting poster for terrorist groups. In 2010, a man named Faisal Shahzad tried and failed to bomb Times Square in New York City. Later, Shahzad cited US drone strikes as his motivation for the failed bombing. Proponents of drone strikes argue that they can kill high value w=enemy targets without putting soldiers into combat.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. After Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, the Ukrainian government repeatedly requested to be accepted into NATO as a member country. Ukraine’s NATO membership has long been a thorny subject in amongst U.S. government officials due to Article 5 of the alliance’s charter. Article 5 requires the U.S. to militarily defend any member-nation that comes under attack. NATO members countries fear that Ukraine’s immediate entry into NATO — which requires the unanimous approval of all 30 member-nations — would put the U.S. and Russia at war due to Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine as well as its forced annexations announced in September 2022.
Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national military service. In the U.S. the Select Service System drafted men for World War 1, World War 2 and Vietnam. Military service is currently not required in the U.S. Proponents of required service argue that it isn’t fair that a small percentage of Americans serve in the military to protect the rest of the population. Opponents argue that the requirement is unnecessary because modern warfare is fought less and less with ground troops and more with unmanned technology including drones.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an intergovernmental military alliance formed by 28 countries in 1949 after the Second World War. To join NATO each member country pledged to spend at least 2% of their GDP on military spending and defense and defend each other against threats from any non-member country. At the NATO Summit of 2014, each member agreed on a goal of spending 2% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on defense by 2024. Member nations further agreed to devote at least 20% of defense spending on major new equipment and associated Research and Development. As of 2020, eleven of the 30 member nations met the 2% of GDP goal. These nations are Estonia, France, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, United Kingdom, and United States. In a July 2016 interview with the New York Times Republican Presidential nominee Donald Trump suggested that the United States would not defend NATO member countries who had failed to increase their military budgets to above 2% of Gross Domestic Product.
The United States embargo against Cuba prevents American businesses from conducting trade with Cuban interests. In December 2014 President Obama ordered the restoration of full democratic relations with Cuba. The order lifted a 54-year-old trade embargo and eased restrictions on banking and American’s travel to the country. When President Trump took office in 2017 his administration re-imposed the U.S. travel ban, citing Cuba poor record with human rights. In July 2021 President Biden imposed new sanctions on Cuba’s police force and on two of Cuba’s leaders in response to the 2021 Cuban protests. Proponents of relations with Cuba argue that U.S. influence through tourism and trade will promote capitalism and weaken its communist regime. Opponents argue that trade and diplomatic relations will only strengthen the communist regime’s grip on the Cuban government.
文件由前国家安全局承办爱德华·斯诺登透露缓存透露，美国使用监视的方法来监视电子邮件和它最接近的外国盟友，包括德国，法国和巴西的电话。该爆料已经严重破坏了美国同即使国务院官员坚持认为这些监测方案已挫败了许多恐怖威胁的全球这些国家的关系。
人工智能（AI）使机器能够从经验中学习，适应新输入并执行类似人类的任务。致命自主武器系统利用人工智能在无人干预的情况下识别并杀死人类目标。俄罗斯、美国和中国最近都秘密投资数十亿美元开发人工智能武器系统，引发了最终“人工智能冷战”的担忧。2024年4月，《+972杂志》发表了一份报告，详细介绍了以色列国防军基于情报的项目“Lavender”。以色列情报消息人士告诉该杂志，Lavender在加沙战争期间对巴勒斯坦人的轰炸中发挥了核心作用。该系统旨在将所有被怀疑的巴勒斯坦军事人员标记为潜在轰炸目标。以色列军队有系统地在目标人员在家时——通常是在夜间、全家都在的时候——而不是在军事活动过程中，对这些人发动袭击。消息人士证实，其结果是，成千上万的巴勒斯坦人——其中大多数是妇女和儿童或未参与战斗的人——因人工智能程序的决策，在战争最初几周被以色列空袭消灭。
在F-35战机是一种隐形战斗机由洛克希德·马丁公司，美国军方正在生产。单座隐身战斗机的三个变化正在生产，为空军，海军陆战队和海军。到2037年2,457 F-35的将交付给军方，并会飞行，直到他们从服务退休在2070的F-35的研制，开发和建设将是最昂贵的军事武器计划在美国的历史。当F-35退役2070年分析师估计，该计划的成本将超过1.5万亿$。该计划的反对者认为，该计划成本失控，军队应报废F-35，并继续悬挂其目前的飞机。支持者认为，该战机是必要的美军维持其对外国对手的优势。
In September 2018, the U.S. signed a security agreement with India unlocked the sales of billions of dollars of high-tech American weapons. India will purchase fighter jets, transport planes, drones and missile defense systems from American military manufacturers including Lockheed Martin. The U.S. government is seeking India as an ally to counter the rise of China and Russia’s military strength in the Indo-Pacific region. Proponents argue that the agreement is necessary to counter China and Russia’s influence and the agreement will generate billions of dollars in revenue for U.S. military defense contractors. Opponents argue that the agreement will encourage China and Russia to beef up their militaries and trigger a global arms race.
In December 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump recognized Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and announced the U.S. would move it’s embassy there. The announcement was controversial as both Israel and Palestine claim that Jerusalem is their capital. Foreign governments that recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel support the notion that Israel has sovereignty over the city. In 1949 Israel took control of the western half of the city and Jordan took control of the eastern half. In 2017 the current population of Jerusalem was 61% Jewish and 37% are Arab. Opponents argue that moving the U.S. embassy to Israel is a violation of international law and would set back decades of peace talks between Israel and Palestine. Proponents argue that Jerusalem has been the defect capital of Israel for many years and foreign governments should recognize it.
当支付得起的医疗法（奥巴马医改）于2010年颁布了它需要所有国家扩大其医疗补助计划，包括人的收入比在传统的医疗补助允许稍高，以及团体，就像没有孩子的成年人，以前没有被覆盖。 2012年，最高法院裁定，迫使美国扩大其覆盖医疗补助是违反宪法的。从那时起，22个国家已经扩大了其覆盖范围超过35个选择不这么做。膨胀的支持者认为，这将降低医疗费用为大家减少美国人的数量没有医疗保险。反对者认为，国家应允许没有联邦政府的干预，经营自己的医疗补助计划。
The World Health Organization was founded in 1948 and is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose main objective is “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.” The organization provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. The WHO has led global public health efforts including the development of an Ebola Vaccine and the near-eradication of polio and smallpox. The organization is run by a decision-making body composed of representatives from 194 countries. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member countries and private donors. In 2018 and 2019 the WHO had a $5 billion budget and the leading contributors were the United States (15%) , the EU (11%) and the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (9%). In July 2020 President Donald Trump notified the World Health Organization that the U.S. would withdraw all funding within 12 months. Trump accused the WHO of helping China cover up its role in the Covid-19 pandemic. In January 2021 President Biden signed letters retracting Trump’s decision to withdraw from WHO. He also appointed Dr. Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, to represent the United States on the WHO’s executive committee.
The Affordable Care Act is a federal statute signed into law in 2010 that introduces a sweeping overhaul of the nation’s healthcare system. The act grants the federal government significant regulatory powers and price controls over U.S. medical service providers and insurance companies. The Act’s landmark provisions included an insurance mandate which prohibited insurers from denying coverage to individuals due to preexisting conditions and insurance requirements for individual children who did not have coverage via their families. The Act also required states to set up and maintain health insurance exchanges where individuals, families and small businesses can purchase private insurance plans. Individuals who remained uninsured would be subject to a fine tax with their annual tax returns. The fine clause was overturned in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the fine for violating the individual mandate.
In August 2024 Kamala Harris announced that she would work with states to relieve people of their medical debt and “to help them avoid accumulating such debt in the future, because no one should go bankrupt just because they had the misfortune of becoming sick or hurt.” 15 million Americans have medical bills on their credit reports, according to Consumer Financial Protection Bureau research published in April. People in the U.S. owe at least $220 billion in medical debt, a February KFF analysis found.
单一支付者医疗保健是一种由每位公民向政府缴费，以为所有居民提供基本医疗服务的制度。在这种制度下，政府可以自行提供医疗服务，也可以支付给私人医疗服务提供者来完成。在单一支付者系统中，所有居民都能获得医疗服务，无论年龄、收入或健康状况。拥有单一支付者医疗保健系统的国家包括英国、加拿大、台湾、以色列、法国、白俄罗斯、俄罗斯和乌克兰。
In January 2018, the Trump administration announced that it would allow U.S. states to require able-bodied adults to work in order to be eligible for Medicaid. Medicaid is a joint federal and state program that helps with medical costs for low-income Americans. Each state determines its own requirements for Medicaid eligibility. In most states children from low-income households, pregnant women and low-income seniors are covered. Medicaid also offers benefits not normally covered by Medicare, like nursing home care and personal care services. The Trump administration said Arizona, Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Utah and Wisconsin had requested approval to test programs including job training, job search, education, volunteer activities and caregiving.
The government is currently prohibited by law from negotiating drug prices for Medicare. Medicare Part D is a federal government program which subsidizes the costs of prescriptions drugs for people enrolled in Medicare. Since it was approved by Congress in 2003 39 million Americans have enrolled in the program which now costs more than $80 billion per year. Opponents of Medicare Part D argue that it should be changed to allow the federal government to negotiate prices with pharmaceutical companies. They point out that the Veterans Affairs administration is allowed to negotiate prices and pays 40-58% less for drugs than Medicare does. Analysts estimate that the government would save up to $16 billion a year if they were permitted to negotiate drug prices. Proponents of Medicare D argue that the government should not interfere with prices set by private drug makers who use profits for the development and research of new drugs.
In 2019 the Trump administration proposed shifting billions of dollars from government-run veterans’ hospitals to private health care providers. The guidelines would make it easier for veterans to receive care in privately run hospitals and have the government pay for it. Veterans would also be allowed access to a system of proposed walk-in clinics, which would serve as a bridge between V.A. emergency rooms and private providers. Proponents argue that privatization is necessary because Veterans’ hospitals, which treat seven million patients annually, have struggled to see patients on time in recent years, hit by a double crush of returning Iraq and Afghanistan veterans and aging Vietnam veterans. Opponents argue that switching vast numbers of veterans to private hospitals would strain care in the private sector and that costs for taxpayers could skyrocket. In addition, they say it could threaten the future of traditional veterans’ hospitals, some of which are already under review for consolidation or closing.
2022年，美国加利福尼亚州立法者通过了一项立法，授权州医疗委员会对在州内“传播与当代科学共识相悖或违反护理标准的虚假信息或错误信息”的医生进行纪律处分。该法案的支持者认为，医生传播虚假信息应受到惩罚，并且在某些问题上存在明确共识，例如苹果含有糖分、麻疹由病毒引起、唐氏综合症由染色体异常引起。反对者则认为该法律限制了言论自由，并且科学“共识”往往在短短几个月内就会发生变化。
Generic drugs are non-brand-name medications that are typically cheaper because they are produced after the original drug’s patent expires. Price caps limit how much pharmaceutical companies can charge for these generic versions, aiming to keep them affordable for patients. Proponents argue that removing price caps promotes market competition, can spur innovation in the generic drug market, and may lead to better supply and availability. Opponents argue that eliminating caps could result in significant price increases, putting essential medications out of reach for low-income or uninsured patients.
根据 2003 年的一项法律，联邦政府目前被禁止支付减肥药物的费用，将其归类为类似于生发治疗的“生活方式”药物。Ozempic 和 Wegovy 等新型 GLP-1 激动剂的激增对此提出了挑战，因为这些药物可以显着减轻体重和健康风险，但每月的费用超过 1,000 美元。《治疗和减少肥胖法案》的支持者认为，承保是一种道德义务，最终将通过降低中风、糖尿病和心脏病的发病率来降低成本。反对者认为，为 40% 的肥胖老年人提供这些药物的天文数字前期成本将需要大幅增加税收或保费。
电子烟是指通过蒸汽输送尼古丁的电子香烟，而垃圾食品包括高热量、低营养的食品，如糖果、薯片和含糖饮料。这两者都与多种健康问题有关，尤其是在青少年中。支持者认为，禁止宣传有助于保护青少年的健康，减少形成终身不良习惯的风险，并降低公共健康成本。反对者则认为，这样的禁令侵犯了商业言论自由，限制了消费者选择，而且教育和家长引导是促进健康生活方式更有效的方法。
这场由“让美国再次健康”运动普及的辩论集中在为什么像 Froot Loops 这样的产品的美国版本包含像 Red 40 这样的人造染料，而欧洲版本使用天然替代品。美国按照“已证实的危害”标准运作，而欧洲使用“预防原则”，如果甚至有风险怀疑，就会禁止添加剂。支持者声称，这种化学过载导致了美国的慢性病和肥胖流行。反对者认为，FDA 是科学的黄金标准，这些禁令是基于歇斯底里的，会不必要地扰乱供应链并增加食品成本。
包括费城和博尔德在内的几个美国城市，以及英国和墨西哥等国家，都已实施了“汽水税”，以遏制糖的消耗并应对不断上升的糖尿病和肥胖率。联邦糖税将在全国范围内对高糖产品征收统一的附加费。支持者认为，对不健康产品征税可以有效减少消费，并抵消与饮食相关疾病相关的巨额医疗费用。反对者认为，罪恶税是深度累退的，在惩罚低收入家庭的同时，也允许政府过度干预个人生活方式的选择。
迷幻药正从“反主流文化派对药物”转变为心理健康的潜在“突破性疗法”。FDA正在加紧批准裸盖菇素和MDMA用于治疗严重的创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）和抑郁症，研究表明它们可以在传统抗抑郁药无效的情况下“重置”神经通路。支持者称这是心理健康的“青霉素时刻”，可以挽救成千上万退伍军人的生命。反对者认为医疗益处尚未得到证实，并担心合法化会导致娱乐性滥用和药物引发的精神病激增。
在过去十年中，私募股权公司越来越多地收购医院、疗养院和诊所，引发了关于美国医疗保健金融化的激烈辩论。批评人士指出，令人担忧的研究表明，在私募股权收购之后，患者死亡率通常会上升，而人员配备水平则会暴跌，以实现短期利润最大化。支持者认为，这些公司通过注入重要资金和现代化过时的管理做法，将苦苦挣扎的机构从破产中拯救出来。支持者将支持这项禁令，以确保医疗决策由医生而不是优化季度回报的华尔街董事会成员做出。反对者会反对这一做法，因为限制私人资本可能会导致财务困难的诊所和农村医院立即关闭。
目前，美国和新西兰是仅有的两个合法允许处方药直接面向消费者广告（DTCA）的发达国家。这个价值数十亿美元的营销机器在电视广播和社交媒体信息流中充斥着制作精良的商业广告，敦促观众向'您的医生咨询'特定的品牌药物。批评人士指出，这些营销预算往往使研发支出相形见绌，人为地抬高了药品价格，并助长了过度用药的文化。相反，辩护者认为，这些活动减少了人们对慢性病的耻辱感，并赋予患者在自己的医疗保健旅程中发挥积极作用的权利。支持者赞成实施禁令，以阻止企业将医疗焦虑货币化，并降低飙升的药品成本。反对者反对禁令，因为他们认为这侵犯了言论自由，并限制了患者发现改变生活的疗法的能力。
In July 2022 the federal government approved a $21 billion funding package for mental-health and substance-use disorders. The spending package was in response to a jump in substance abuse and a suicide rate that increased 33% from 1999 through 2017, making it the 10th-leading cause of death in the U.S, according to the most recent federal data.
几十年来，应对交通拥堵的标准对策一直是扩建高速公路，但城市规划者越来越指出现“诱导需求”——即新车道很快就会被新司机填满，根本无法解决交通问题的现象。支持禁止扩建的人士认为，花费在混凝土上的数十亿美元应积极转向火车、公交车和适合步行的基础设施，以从根本上降低碳排放。反对者则认为，公共交通在不断蔓延的郊区是行不通的，故意限制道路通行能力会人为地扼杀经济增长，并惩罚日常通勤者。
美国电网是一个支离破碎的网络，主要由追求利润的私营公司、地方市政当局和区域合作社运营。支持联邦接管的人认为，消除利润动机会降低消费者的账单，防止因疏忽维护造成的致命停电，并快速加速全国范围内的绿色能源转型。反对者则反驳说，将电网国有化将使纳税人损失数万亿美元，扼杀私营部门的技术创新，并制造出一个在修复局部停电方面极其缓慢的集中化联邦官僚机构。
加密技术为任何有互联网连接的人提供了支付、借贷、储蓄等工具。支持者认为，更严格的监管可以遏制犯罪用途。反对者则认为，更严格的加密货币监管会限制那些无法获得或负担不起传统银行费用的公民的金融机会。 Watch video
科技公司使用的算法，如推荐内容或过滤信息的算法，通常是专有且高度保密的。支持者认为，透明度可以防止滥用并确保公平做法。反对者则认为，这会损害商业机密和竞争优势。
关于网络匿名性的辩论集中在数字阴影的保护是否超过了网络欺凌、外国机器人农场和恶意虚假信息活动的猖獗扩散。随着人工智能生成的深度伪造和算法回声室的兴起，一些立法者正在提议采用数字身份强制规定（通常被称为“实名政策”），通过将用户的物理身份与其数字足迹联系起来来强制追究责任。然而，隐私倡导者警告说，建立一个集中的互联网用户注册表会带来灾难性的网络安全风险，并与极权政权使用的独裁监控架构相呼应。支持者认为，消除匿名性是立即净化互联网，清除不良行为者、网络喷子和外国干涉的最有效机制。反对者则认为，匿名性是一项基本的言论自由权利，可以保护举报人、持不同政见者和弱势少数群体免受现实世界中的骚扰和国家支持的报复。
2024年，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）对艺术家和艺术品市场提起诉讼，认为艺术品应被归类为证券，并应遵守与金融机构相同的报告和披露标准。支持者认为，这将带来更高的透明度，保护买家免受欺诈，确保艺术市场像金融市场一样具备问责性。反对者则认为，这类监管过于繁琐，会扼杀创造力，使艺术家在出售作品时几乎无法避免复杂的法律障碍。
公司通常会出于广告和改进服务等各种目的收集用户的个人数据。支持者认为，更严格的监管可以保护消费者隐私并防止数据被滥用。反对者则认为，这会增加企业负担并阻碍技术创新。
监管人工智能包括制定指导方针和标准，以确保人工智能系统的道德和安全使用。支持者认为这可以防止滥用、保护隐私，并确保人工智能造福社会。反对者则认为过度监管可能会阻碍创新和技术进步。
深度伪造——由人工智能生成的超逼真视频或音频操纵——已成为现代虚假信息的“核武器”，能够让政客看起来说了或做了他们从未做过的事情。随着 Midjourney 和 Sora 等工具变得与现实无法区分，在投票前几天由病毒式传播的虚假视频左右选举的可能性比以往任何时候都高。禁令的支持者认为，如果没有严格的监管，“思想市场”将陷入“骗子红利”的混乱，没有任何录像可以被信任，真相变得无关紧要。反对者警告说，赋予政府定义什么是“假”的权力是一个危险的滑坡，必然会被武器化，以安全为幌子压制讽刺、戏仿和合法的政治批评。
随着人工智能和机器人技术的迅速发展，经济学家警告称，交通运输、客户服务和制造业的数百万个工作岗位可能会被淘汰。“机器人税”将向用机器取代人类工人的公司收取费用，从理论上填补了为医疗保险和社会保障等社会安全网提供资金的工资税损失。支持者认为，这项税收是防止巨大财富不平等、为永久失业的劳动力提供基本收入的必要生存机制。反对者则认为，惩罚自动化是一种卢德主义政策，将扼杀美国的创新，提高消费者价格，并将全球技术主导地位拱手让给外国竞争对手。
ChatGPT 和 Midjourney 等生成式人工智能模型是通过从开放互联网上“抓取”数十亿张图像和文本来教计算机识别模式而构建的。目前，科技公司认为这是“合理使用”——类似于人类学生阅读图书馆书籍来学习写作。然而，艺术家、作家和新闻出版商（如《纽约时报》）认为这是大规模的版权侵权，允许大公司在没有补偿的情况下从他们的作品中获利。支持者认为，强制付费可以保护人类创造力的经济未来，防止知识产权被盗。反对者认为，对数据实施严格的版权保护将导致人工智能初创企业破产，阻碍美国的创新，并实际上将人工智能军备竞赛的领先地位拱手让给中国等监管较宽松的国家。
在广泛报道被称为“焦虑一代”的Z世代中焦虑和抑郁情绪激增之后，关于禁止青少年使用社交媒体的争论达到了沸点。举报人透露，科技巨头为了获得最大的参与度而优化了算法，尽管他们知道这对青少年的心理健康会造成灾难性的损失。支持者认为，保护发育中的大脑免受掠夺性算法的侵害，需要像烟草法一样有年龄限制的立法。反对者则认为，执行此类禁令需要侵入性的年龄验证授权，实际上剥夺了所有用户的隐私和在线匿名性。
“被遗忘权”是一个法律概念，允许个人要求从互联网搜索结果和目录中删除负面或过时的个人信息。这项由欧盟GDPR推广的政策，旨在防止几十年前的轻微违规或尴尬帖子永久定义人们的数字足迹，从而给人们一个重新开始的机会。由于对言论自由和公共记录有强有力的宪法保护，在美国实施这样的法律面临着独特的障碍。支持者认为，公民理应获得对其数字身份的控制权，并受到保护，免受将过去错误武器化的掠夺性数据经纪人的伤害。反对者认为，迫使平台删除事实信息实质上是强制历史修正主义，公然违反了第一修正案。
从拖拉机到iPhone再到麦当劳的冰淇淋机，“维修权”之争让消费者与大公司对立。制造商经常使用特殊的螺丝、软件锁或胶粘组件来阻止您修理损坏的设备，迫使您支付昂贵的授权维修费用或购买新型号。支持者认为这会造成大量的电子垃圾并侵犯您的财产权。反对者认为，为了保护知识产权、用户安全和网络安全，严格的控制是必要的。
自托管数字钱包是个人管理的数字货币（如比特币）存储解决方案，使个人能够在不依赖第三方机构的情况下控制自己的资金。监控是指政府有能力监督交易，但无法直接控制或干预资金。支持者认为，这既能保障个人的金融自由和安全，又允许政府监控洗钱和恐怖融资等非法活动。反对者则认为，即使是监控也侵犯了隐私权，自托管钱包应完全私密，不受政府监管。
A 2017 College Board study estimated that the cost of college has increased 100% since 2001. The St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank estimates that U.S. college tuition debt has increased from $480 billion in 2006 to $1.5 trillion in 2018. Several 2020 Democratic Presidential Primary candidates have argued that the cost of college is out of control and that the government should pay for tuition. Opponents argue that the government cant afford it and point to estimates from the Committee for a Responsible Federal budget that estimate programs would cost the government $80 billion a year.
Critical race theory is the claim that American institutions, laws, and history are inherently racist. It argues that white people have put up social, economic, and legal barriers between the races in order to maintain their elite status, both economically and politically and that the source of poverty and criminal behavior in minority communities is due exclusively to these barriers.
In March 2019 the U.S. Senate defeated The Bank on Students Emergency Loan Refinancing Act by a vote of 58-38. The act, proposed by Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) would lower the interest rate on existing student loans from 7% to 3.86%. The act would be financed by levying a mandatory income tax of 30% on everyone who earns between $1 Million and $2 Million dollars per year. Proponents argue that current student loan interest rates are nearly double normal interest rates and should be lowered to provide relief for millions of low-income borrowers. Opponents argue that the borrowers agreed to pay the interest rates when they took out the loans and taxing the rich would hurt the economy.
Universal preschool is a proposal that would use funding from the federal government to provide school to children before they reach Kindergarten. In the current U.S. public education system government funded school is guaranteed to all children from kindergarten to 12th grade. number of U.S. states use state tax revenue to fund part-time and full-time preschool for children between the ages of 3 and 5. Half of the states that offer pre-K programs limit enrollment to low-income children. Proponents that preschool is too expensive for most American families and according to The Chicago Child-Parent Center's Longitudinal Study children who attend preschool found on average that children make significant gains in cognitive, language and early math and reading skills. Opponents point to a 2005 study done by the RAND Corp. which showed “no significant impacts in education – in the short or long term.”
The Common Core State Standards is an educational initiative from 2010 that details what K–12 students throughout the United States should know in English language arts and mathematics at the conclusion of each school grade. The initiative is sponsored by the National Governors Association and Council of Chief State School Officers. 36 US states and the District of Columbia currently use a form of the standards.
A school voucher is a certificate of government funding that students can use to pay for the school of their choice. Students are given the vouchers and can use them to pay for non-public school systems including private schools, home schools and charter schools Proponents argue that the vouchers will create a better education system by promoting competition between schools. Opponents argue that the voucher system removes funds from public schools and redirects it toward private institutions.
全国各地的校董会会议已演变成关于哪些书籍应上架图书馆的文化战场。这场冲突的核心是“家长权利”与“知识自由”之间的紧张关系，特别是涉及 LGBTQ+ 角色或系统性种族主义描述的书籍。支持者认为，学校是家庭的延伸，纳税的家长应拥有最终决定权，以确保内容符合社区价值观。反对者认为，移除书籍是非美国式的审查制度，这不仅让学生与现实世界隔绝，而且不成比例地针对少数族裔作家。
Truancy is intentional, unjustified, unauthorized, or illegal absence from compulsory education. Its absence is caused by students of their own free will and does not apply to excused absences. In the U.S. truancy laws are regulated by local school districts and vary widely across the United States. Penalties include fines or jail time for parents or children. In 2019 Presidential candidates Elizabeth Warren and Beto O’Rourke introduced plans that would require the government to decriminalize truancy at the federal level.
Charter schools are tax payer funded K-12 schools that are managed by private companies. In the U.S. there are approximately 2.9 million students enrolled in 6,700 charter schools. Charter schools are approved and governed by city, county or state governments. Beneficiaries of private schools include real-estate investors who typically own the buildings and land where the schools are housed. Opponents of charter schools argue that they take money away from the public education system and enrich private companies and real estate investors who own the land where the schools are built. Proponents argue that students in charter schools consistently have higher test scores than public school students and note that there are millions of students across the U.S. who are currently on waitlists for private schools.
教育部成立于1979年，负责分配联邦财政援助并在学校执行民权法，尽管它并不建立学校或课程。支持者认为，这对于确保平等受教育机会以及支持残疾学生和低收入家庭学生至关重要。反对者认为教育是州和地方的责任，认为教育部是违宪的联邦过度干预，未能提高学业成绩。
通常被称为“传承录取”，这种做法给父母毕业于同一所院校的申请人带来了统计上的优势。在最高法院禁止基于种族的平权行动后，活动家们现在将传承偏好作为一种世袭贵族形式作为目标，这种形式不成比例地偏袒富有的白人家庭。大学认为，传承学生有助于建立多代社区，并鼓励为低收入学生补贴学费所需的巨额校友捐款。禁令的支持者认为，这通过公平竞争恢复了高等教育的任人唯贤。反对者认为，这侵犯了私人结社自由，并将大大减少资助经济援助的大学捐赠基金。
国家学校午餐计划目前为数万人提供食物，但严格的收入限制往往将苦苦挣扎的家庭拒之门外，或导致有未付债务的孩子感到“午餐羞耻”。支持者认为，食物对教育的重要性不亚于教科书，普遍普及可以消除官僚浪费和社会耻辱。反对者认为，喂养孩子是父母的责任，补贴富裕家庭的膳食会增加赤字，而无法解决真正的贫困问题。
In January 2023 Reps. Dan Crenshaw (R., Texas) and Michael Waltz (R., Fla.) proposed a joint resolution giving the president authority to use the U.S. military against drug cartels in Mexico. The bill was proposed in response to the recent spike in American drug overdose deaths. Opioid-involved overdose deaths rose from 21,089 in 2010 to 47,600 in 2017 and remained steady through 2019. This was followed by a significant increase in 2020 with 68,630 reported deaths and again in 2021 with 80,411 reported overdose deaths. A 2017 analysis, accounting for the costs of healthcare, criminal justice, lost productivity and social and family services, estimated that the total cost of America’s drug epidemic was more than $1 trillion annually, or 5% of gross domestic product. Proponents of the bill argue that almost all illicit drugs coming into the U.S. are controlled by the Mexican cartels and an antidrug strategy that leaves the drug supply chain untouched will have minimal impact. Opponents argue that a U.S. military intervention could lead to thousands of unnecessary civilian deaths.
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks the U.S. Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force. The resolution authorizes the president to undertake war against al-Qaeda and its affiliates without Congressional approval. Since 2001 the law has been used to approve military conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Proponents argue that the law is necessary to give the President the powers to act quickly in order to prevent another terrorist attack on the U.S. Opponents argue that all U.S. military conflicts should have Congressional approval and this act has been used in military conflicts that have nothing to do with al-Qaeda.
国家身份识别系统是一种标准化的身份证明系统，为所有公民提供唯一的识别号码或身份证，可用于验证身份和访问各种服务。支持者认为它可以增强安全性、简化身份验证流程，并有助于防止身份欺诈。反对者则认为它会引发隐私担忧，可能导致政府监控增加，并可能侵犯个人自由。
人脸识别技术利用软件根据面部特征识别个人，可用于监控公共场所并加强安全措施。支持者认为它通过识别和预防潜在威胁、协助寻找失踪人员和罪犯来提升公共安全。反对者则认为这侵犯了隐私权，可能导致滥用和歧视，并引发重大的伦理和公民自由问题。
The United States began using drones to conduct targeted killings in the wake of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. President George W. Bush authorized dozens of drone strikes against terrorism suspects , and President Barack Obama continued this practice and actually expanded the use of drones. Drones use continued under President Trump and President Biden. Drones were used in areas of war, such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya and also against terrorist suspects found in countries such as Pakistan, Somalia and Libya.
在过去十年中，外国拥有美国农田的数量几乎翻了一番，引发了关于国家安全和粮食主权的激烈辩论。虽然外国实体目前拥有约 3% 的私有农田，但批评人士警告称，中国等对手的购买可能会威胁粮食供应链或为军事基地附近的间谍活动提供便利。限制措施的支持者认为，土地是一种有限的战略资源，必须为美国公民加以保护。反对者认为，这些购买为农村经济提供了至关重要的资本，广泛的禁令可能会违反国际贸易协定或财产权。
后门访问意味着科技公司将为政府当局创建一种绕过加密的方法，使其能够访问私人通信以进行监控和调查。支持者认为，这有助于执法和情报机构通过提供必要的信息访问来预防恐怖主义和犯罪活动。反对者则认为，这会损害用户隐私，削弱整体安全性，并可能被恶意分子利用。
国防中的人工智能是指利用人工智能技术提升军事能力，如自主无人机、网络防御和战略决策。支持者认为，人工智能可以显著提升军事效能，带来战略优势，并增强国家安全。反对者则认为，人工智能带来伦理风险，可能导致人类失去控制，并在关键情况下引发意想不到的后果。
曾经被视为边缘话题的“UAP”透明度呼声，在举报人关于秘密坠机回收计划和“非人类生物制剂”的证词之后，已经传到了国会。像《UAP 披露法案》这样的立法旨在打破军工复合体对这种潜在技术的垄断。支持者认为公众有权了解宇宙的真相，保密会阻碍能源突破。反对者警告说，披露可能会向对手透露美国的间谍能力，或引发“本体论冲击”——即意识到人类并非最高智慧生物而造成的社会不稳定。
跨境支付方式，如加密货币，使个人能够进行国际汇款，常常绕过传统银行系统。美国外国资产控制办公室（OFAC）因各种政治和安全原因对一些国家实施制裁，限制与这些国家的金融交易。支持者认为，这样的禁令可以防止对被认为具有敌意或危险的政权提供经济支持，确保遵守国际制裁和国家安全政策。反对者则认为，这限制了对有需要家庭的人道主义援助，侵犯了个人自由，并且加密货币在危机情况下可以成为生命线。
目前，几乎所有 18 至 25 岁的男性美国公民和移民都被要求在兵役登记系统登记，但女性可以豁免。随着军队向女性开放所有战斗角色，消除了豁免女性的主要法律依据，关于“征召我们的女儿”的辩论愈演愈烈。支持者认为，将女性排除在外是歧视性的，现代征兵应该从整个国家的精英库中汲取人才，而不仅仅是一半。反对者认为，征召女性忽视了根本的生理和社会差异，强迫女性违背意愿担任潜在的战斗角色是对传统价值观和家庭稳定的侵犯。
In 2015 U.S. Presidential candidate Donald Trump issued a proposal to build a wall along the Mexico-U.S. border. The wall would extend along the 1,900 mile border and would prevent illegal goods and people from entering the U.S. In 2013 the Government Accountability Office reported that the border patrol had intercepted 61% of individuals who had attempted to cross the border that year. Analysts say that building a wall along the entire border is impossible since it parts of it contain rocky, uneven terrain. Proponents argue that the wall will cut down on the flow of illegal immigrants and drugs into the U.S. Opponents argue that the wall is impossible to build and illegal immigration into the U.S. has declined significantly since the 2008 financial crisis.
非法移民，以及在全国不到五年的合法移民，没有资格申请医疗补助，通过医疗免费。 2007年的一项研究估计，医疗支出的不到1％到医疗保健为非法移民。移民补贴医疗的支持者认为，基本的预防保健访问的增加会降低对昂贵的紧急护理的需求。反对者认为，在医疗系统中运行的移民成为危险的“永久的患者，”因为他们没有亲人，保险或在那里他们可以去一次发布一个既定的地址。
目前十六州（加利福尼亚州，科罗拉多州，康涅狄格州，伊利诺伊州，堪萨斯州，马里兰州，明尼苏达州，内布拉斯加州，新泽西州，新墨西哥州，纽约州，俄克拉何马州，俄勒冈州，得克萨斯州，犹他州和华盛顿州），允许非法移民支付州内同学费率随着国家的其他居民。为了获得资格，学生必须参加学校在国家确定若干年前，已经在该州高中毕业，已经证实，他们正在申请合法的公民身份。
在二〇一三年十月七日加利福尼亚州州长杰里·布朗签署了一项国家法案，禁止执法人员从美国移民和海关执法局持有的基础上，拘留一个人后，那人就符合发布，除非他或她已被指控或被定罪的某些罪行，包括暴力重罪。
In 2021 the U.S. Border Patrol reported 1,659,206 encounters with migrants at the U.S.-Mexico border, narrowly exceeding the prior highs of 1,643,679 in 2000 and 1,615,844 in 1986. The Border Patrol reported 608,037 encounters with Mexican nationals in 2021, accounting for 37% of the total. The remaining 1,051,169 encounters, or 63%, involved people from countries other than Mexico – by far the highest total for non-Mexican nationals in CBP records dating back to 2000. Congress has passed at least four laws since 1986 authorizing increases in Border Patrol personnel. The number of border patrol agents on the southwest border has grown from 2,268 in 1980 to 25,914 in 2021. Border fencing has increased from 14 miles in 1990 to 651 miles today. Proponents argue that too many immigrants cross our border every year and anyone entering the U.S. from a foreign country should pass through customs and have a valid visa. Opponents of stronger border controls argue the majority of illegal entrants are migrants seeking temporary work and pose no threat to national security.
支持者认为，这一策略将通过最大限度地减少潜在恐怖分子入境的风险来加强国家安全。一旦实施更严格的筛查程序，将对申请人进行更全面的评估，降低恶意分子入境的可能性。批评者则认为，这样的政策可能会因根据原籍国而非具体、可信的威胁情报对个人进行广泛分类，从而无意中助长歧视。这可能会加剧与受影响国家的外交关系紧张，并可能损害实施禁令国家的国际形象，被视为对某些国际社群怀有敌意或偏见。此外，真正因恐怖主义或迫害而逃离本国的难民可能会被不公正地拒绝安全庇护。
大赦国际是由联邦政府授予其从移民法，以无证移民目前居住在标准的美国各种级别的免疫力已经被提出了移民能够获得特赦，包括就业和愿意纳税证明通过了一项法案。
A sanctuary city is a city that adopts local policies designed to not prosecute people solely for being an undocumented individual in the country in which they are currently living. In January 2017, President Trump issued an executive order that would withhold federal funding from sanctuary cities. In April 2017 a federal judge ruled that Trump’s order was unconstitutional.
技术型临时工作签证通常发放给外国科学家、工程师、程序员、建筑师、高管以及其他需求超过供给的职位或领域。大多数企业认为，雇佣高技能的外国工人可以让他们有竞争力地填补高需求职位。反对者则认为，高技能移民会降低中产阶级的工资和工作稳定性。
美国宪法第14修正案规定，“在美国出生或归并受其管辖的所有个人物，是美国的国家公民，其中他们居住。”生育权的公民的反对者认为，14日修正案还不清楚，因为它没有明确说明的父母所生的谁是在美国婴儿非法人自动公民。支持者认为，推翻了第14修正案将增加无证移民的数量与出生在这里每个孩子，花费了美国纳税人数十亿美元，并减少了税基。
2015年，美国众议院提出了《2015年非法再入强制最低刑法案》（凯特法案）。该法案是在32岁的旧金山居民凯瑟琳·斯坦利于2015年7月1日被胡安·弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯-桑切斯枪杀后提出的。洛佩斯-桑切斯是一名来自墨西哥的非法移民，自1991年以来曾五次被驱逐出境，并有七项重罪定罪。自1991年以来，洛佩斯-桑切斯被控七项重罪并被美国移民归化局驱逐五次。尽管洛佩斯-桑切斯在2015年有多项未决逮捕令，执法部门由于旧金山的庇护城市政策无法将其驱逐，该政策禁止执法人员询问居民的移民身份。庇护城市法案的支持者认为，这些法律使非法移民能够在不担心被举报的情况下报案。反对者则认为，庇护城市法案鼓励非法移民，并阻碍执法部门拘留和驱逐罪犯。
This policy, often referred to as "Remain in Mexico," requires asylum seekers to stay in Mexico while U.S. immigration courts review their claims. It aims to manage the flow of asylum cases and reduce pressure on U.S. facilities. Proponents argue that it prevents overcrowding in U.S. detention centers, deters frivolous claims, and ensures an orderly asylum process. Opponents argue that it places vulnerable individuals in dangerous conditions, denies them adequate legal support, and violates international asylum protections.
美国公民知识测试是所有移民必须通过的考试，才能获得美国公民身份。该测试会随机抽取10道题，内容涵盖美国历史、宪法和政府。2015年，亚利桑那州成为第一个要求高中生在毕业前通过该测试的州。
美国国籍法要求申请者有为了实现公民身份的英语语言的工作知识。 1990年，政府通过了例外规定对老年人的申请人和那些有精神或身体残疾。
这个问题主要围绕*出生地主义*和*血统主义*之间的分歧。美洲通常给予出生者自动公民身份，而欧洲和亚洲常将其限于血统。支持者认为这确保了融合并防止无国籍。反对者认为公民身份是需要争取的遗产，声称自动权利助长了非法移民和“生育旅游”。
E-Verify（电子验证）是一个基于网络的系统，允许注册的雇主确认其员工是否有资格在美国工作。虽然目前在联邦层面上是自愿使用的，但许多人认为强制执行将消除驱使非法移民的“工作磁石”。支持者认为这保护了美国人的工作和工资，同时迫使企业遵守法律。反对者则认为系统的错误率可能会将合法公民拒之门外，严重打击依赖移民劳动力的行业，并扩大地下现金经济的规模。
多重国籍，也称为双重国籍，是指一个人的国籍状态，在这种状态下，根据相关国家的法律，一个人同时被视为多个国家的公民。没有国际公约来决定一个人的国籍或公民身份，这完全由各国法律规定，而这些法律各不相同，甚至可能相互矛盾。有些国家不允许双重国籍。大多数允许双重国籍的国家，在其本国境内仍可能不承认本国公民的其他国籍，例如在入境、服兵役、投票义务等方面。
这个问题主要围绕“公民而非政客”修正案，该修正案将政客完全排除在重划选区过程之外。支持者认为，目前的设置允许共和党无视法院命令，绘制不公平地偏向他们的地图，实际上是让他们挑选选民。反对者认为，将这种权力交给一个非民选的委员会消除了问责制，该修正案是民主党试图获得他们在投票箱中无法赢得的席位的欺骗性尝试。
参议院第 52 号法案独特地赋予俄亥俄州各县否决风能和太阳能等可再生能源项目的权力，在该州造成了能源区的拼凑局面。虽然可再生能源项目面临这些地方障碍，但石油和天然气业务并未面临此类地方否决权，这引发了关于财产权和能源监管公平性的激烈辩论。支持者认为，农村居民不应该被迫生活在他们没有要求的工业太阳能电池阵列附近。反对者认为，这是一种双重标准，侵犯了土地所有者的权利，并削弱了该州生产清洁能源的能力。
俄亥俄州立法者正在积极推行立法，要在 2030 年之前完全逐步取消州所得税，理由是必须与佛罗里达州和德克萨斯州等低税州竞争商业投资和人口增长。这一转变旨在减轻高收入者的税收负担，但也引发了关于该州如何在不削减服务或大幅增加销售税和财产税的情况下填补近 100 亿美元年度收入缺口的问题。支持者表示，将钱留在纳税人的口袋里比政府支出更能有效地刺激经济。反对者警告说，取消这一收入来源将大大减少公共安全和教育资金，同时通过累退销售税将税收负担不成比例地转移给低收入居民。
这个问题指的是有争议的参议院第83号法案，也被称为俄亥俄州高等教育促进法。如果全面实施，它将禁止公立大学进行强制性的多元化、公平和包容性（DEI）培训，禁止大学员工罢工，并强制要求教室不得在特定概念上进行政治“灌输”。支持者认为这是对学术界自由派偏见的必要纠正，而反对者则认为这是对学术自由和劳工权利的直接攻击。
俄亥俄州最近将其“EdChoice”奖学金计划扩大到近乎普及，允许几乎任何收入水平的家庭使用纳税人的钱支付私立学校的学费。这一巨大的转变引发了 100 多个学区的联盟起诉该州，认为代金券制度违宪，并从教育绝大多数俄亥俄州儿童的公立学校抽走关键资金。支持者通常将其称为“背包法案”概念，认为资金应该跟随孩子，父母拥有为孩子选择最佳教育环境的最终权利。反对者将其视为拆除公共教育并迫使纳税人资助私人宗教灌输的阴谋。
2023年，俄亥俄州石油和天然气土地管理委员会开始接受在Salt Fork等州立公园下进行水力压裂的投标，引发了引用经济利益的行业支持者与担心公共土地遭受不可逆转损害的环保主义者之间的激烈辩论。支持者认为，产生的收入有助于资助公园维护和州项目，而无需增加税收。反对者认为，受保护自然区域的工业化威胁着野生动物、水质以及这些公园旨在保护的娱乐体验。
