Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland. It is a sentiment based on common cultural characteristics that bind a population and often produce a policy of national independence or separatism. Nationalism holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference, and is linked to the concept of self-determination.
The roots of nationalism are believed to have emerged in the late 18th century with the development of modern social systems and the push for popular sovereignty that occurred with the French Revolution. The idea of nationalism was further propagated during the 19th century, a period often referred to as the "age of nationalism," when it became a significant political force. During this time, it was a key factor in the unification of Italy and Germany, the resistance against the Ottoman Empire in Eastern Europe, and the independence movements in Latin America.
In the 20th century, nationalism became a major element of political ideology worldwide, leading to the creation of new states in Africa and Asia following the decolonization process. It was also a significant factor in the escalation of the World Wars, as extreme nationalism often led to xenophobia and aggression towards other nations.
However, nationalism is a complex and multifaceted ideology, and it can take different forms. Civic nationalism, for example, focuses on the values and behaviors that citizens should share, such as language or political practices, and is often associated with liberal and democratic political ideologies. On the other hand, ethnic nationalism is based on a shared heritage, which includes common ancestry, history, and language. This form of nationalism can sometimes lead to exclusionary practices and policies.
In the contemporary world, nationalism continues to be a potent political force. It can be seen in movements for independence, in resistance to immigration, and in the politics of identity. However, it is also often criticized for its potential to exclude and marginalize those who do not fit the national norm, and for its potential to lead to conflict and war. Despite these criticisms, nationalism remains a significant aspect of political life in many parts of the world.
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